导游词南京中山陵园【最新20篇】

各位游客你们好!欢迎大家参加我们商务旅行社的周庄一日游。我是你们这次周庄之行的导游，我姓时，名岚岚。大家可以叫我时导也可以叫我岚岚。

我们今天的行程是这样安排的，早上我们以游览景点为主，所以呢一会进景点之后呢请大家先跟着小朱朱参观景点，参观过程中呢我会为大家做相关的景点讲解，由于今天是星期六(天)，游客比较多，容易产生拥挤，容易走丢，所以呢小朱朱在这里再次请大家务必跟紧了，吃过中饭我们就自由活动。中饭我们是定点不订餐。下面呢请大家拿出手机记一下我的手机号码。。。。。。。。。。如果走丢了，不要怕只要打我的电话我会第一时间找到你们的哦，如果打不通就多打几遍。有没有谁还不清楚的啊?(回音没有)在进景点之前，我们先要去拍一张免费的大头贴，这个有什么用呢。主要用于与周庄内居民区分开来。便于检票。我前面也说过了，今天人比较多，团队也很多，所以呢请大家排队，不要拥挤。耐心的等待。如果小朱有什么照顾不周的地方就请大家见谅了。

好!下面呢，我给大家啊介绍一下我们的水乡古镇——周庄。我们今天所游览的周庄呢地处苏州昆山市、吴江市、上海的青浦县三县市交界之处，东面不远就是有名的淀山湖，从这里乘汽车到上海的大观园只需要十几分钟。所以有人说：“周庄是淀山湖畔的一颗明珠。”

周庄，是一个有着九百多年历史的江南水乡古镇，它有悠远的传统，淳朴的民风，古老的建筑，著名古建筑专家罗哲文说;“周庄不仅是江苏省的一个宝，而且是国家的一个宝。”中国台湾经纬杂志盛赞周庄是“中国第一水乡”。很多客人在游览了周庄之后，这样说道：“上有天堂，下有苏杭，中间还有一个周庄。”大家为周庄保存着如此众多的明清建筑而赞叹，为“小桥、流水、人家”的精美格局而眩惑。

周庄为什么叫周庄呢，我们顾名思义就是周家人的庄园。其实，周庄最早的时候叫贞丰里，在九百年前在该地有一位姓周的迪郎将二百亩捐出建成全福寺，当地人为了纪念他，将贞丰里改称为周庄。

今天我们主要游览的景点有张厅，沈厅，双桥等等。这当中的沈厅是当时的富豪沈万三的庄园。当初沈万山利用周庄的河道与外商做外贸，从而使周庄的经济迅速发展了起来，也使自己富甲一方。沈厅为江南民居之最。沈厅是“七进五门楼”，它的七进可以分成三个部分，第一进是第一部分，是迎接客人的地方;第二、三、四进是沈厅的第二部分，是接待宾客的地方;第五、六、七进是第三部分，是沈家生活起居的地方。总之，这三部分可以用四个字来归纳：“前厅后堂”。

张厅是周庄仅存的少量明代建筑之一，为江苏省重点文物保护单位。张厅为明朝中山王徐达的弟弟徐孟清的后代所建。按理说徐家建的应叫徐厅，为什么叫张厅呢?那是在清朝初年的时候，徐家衰落了，就把这座房子卖给了一户姓张的人家，才被改名为张厅。

周庄最有名的就属双桥了。这是为什么呢，那就要从一副话说起了，那是1984年春天，上海著名旅美画家陈逸飞乘坐小船来到周庄，看到了双桥，觉得自己仿佛回到了记忆中的童年。于是，就以双桥为背景，创作了一幅题名为《故乡的回忆》的油画。后来这幅油画连同他的37幅作品一起在以美国西方石油公司董事长阿曼德.哈默名字命名的哈默画廊中展出。这幅画在当时引起了很大的轰动，后来，被阿曼德.哈默用高价购藏。同年十一月份，哈默先生在访问中国的时候，将这幅油画送给了邓小平。1985年，这幅画又经过陈逸飞的加工成为当时联合国首日封的图案，深受集邮爱好者和各界人士的青睐。经新闻媒体宣传，周庄古镇声名鹊起。陈逸飞的画使默默无闻的双桥走向了世界。钥匙桥不是钥匙胜过钥匙，因为它开启了周庄与国际交往的友谊之门。

暑假就要结束了,妈妈决定带我去南京海底世界玩一下,虽然我已去过一次,但我依然很兴奋,因为这次有我的好朋友一起去,感觉自然不一样了.

一路颠波总算到了海底世界，进入口时遇到了一点小麻烦，我的身高正好达到买半票，而我的朋友他的身高超过了标准，要补票了。一切就序，终于可以进入五彩缤纷的海底世界了。

刚一走进海洋馆，哇!好多漂亮的鱼啊!左边、右边、头顶上到处都是，数不胜数的鱼儿在我身边游来游去，看得我眼花缭乱。它们五颜六色、奇形怪状，吸引着我：有的鼓着一个圆圆的大肚子，拖着一条又长又尖的尾巴，有的身上布满了彩色的条纹，还有的身子扁扁的，躲在珊瑚丛中，好像在捉迷藏。我们首先来到了“海底探险”，只见一个个布满怪石和热带树木的鱼池里，各式各样的海鱼在自游自在的游荡，美丽极了。看到形形色色的水母,我问妈妈为什么透明的水母不会动,而彩色的水母会动呢?妈妈说透明的水母是刚出生的，而彩色的是成年水母;看到了大大小小的海星,它们都一动不动地吸在海底遂道的玻璃钢里,为什么它们能牢牢地吸住呢,难道它们有特异功能吗?仔细瞧一瞧，你会看到海星的每一个爪子下都长满了吸盘，这就是它们的秘密。

看着看着，不时地会有一条条大鲨鱼“呼”一下从你的头顶上窜过去，鲨鱼的牙齿就像剧子口一样，极其锋利，张开嘴吧的样子好吓人!吓得我忙向妈妈身后躲。一会儿，游来了一只海龟，看上去就像上了年纪一样，不紧不慢地游着。我拍打着玻璃，真想用手去触摸它一下。

我们又来到了海豚馆观看了海豚表演，海豚先跳了一曲芭蕾舞，后又往圈子里一跳，入水了，非常了不起。最后它还做了三条10以内的加减法，结果只做对了两条，我想，可能是它故意做错了一条吧，真不愧为最聪明的海洋动物，还会故弄弦虑呢。

在海底世界玩了好长时间，发现有趣的海洋生物真的是太多了：有来自南极的企鹅、北极的北极熊、还有海狮、海狗、海马、海葵等等，有时间的话你也去看一看神奇而美丽的海底世界吧!不但让你玩得开心，而且还会让你学到很多知识呢!

Ladies and gentlemen. During yesterdays tour, I arranged for you to visitsuch places of interest as Zhongshan Mausoleum, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, LingguTemple and the former site of the presidential palace. Today, I will take you toQinhuai River and Confucius Temple. Qinhuai River tourist area is located in thesouth of the old urban area of Nanjing. It takes about 20 minutes to get thereby bus from the urban area. It is a tourist destination with Confucius Temple asthe center, integrating sightseeing, shopping and tasting, displaying the styleand features of the ancient city and ethnic customs.

[origin and historical changes of Qinhuai River]

Qinhuai River is a river that once played an important role in thepolitical, economic and cultural development of the ancient city of Nanjing. Itis said that the Qinhuai River is an artificial canal ordered by the firstemperor of Qin Dynasty. When the first emperor of Qin Dynasty visited Kuaiji inthe East, in order to facilitate the navigation of ships, he ordered to digFangshan to connect the Huaihe River with the Yangtze River. However, accordingto geological investigation, Qinhuai River is a natural river with a longhistory. At that time, the ancient river did pass through Fangshan. However, dueto geographical changes, the river changed its course and gradually formed thepresent river. The Qinhuai River in history has a wide channel. Since Yangxingmi, king of Wu in the Five Dynasties, built the stone city in the area ofchangganqiao, the river began to narrow and was divided into the inner and outerQinhuai River. The Inner Qinhuai River flows from the city of dongshuiguan,through the Confucius Temple, and then from the city of xishuiguan in the southof Shuiximen to join the outer Qinhuai River. The total length of the river is10 kilometers. This is the "Ten Mile Qinhuai River" that has been praised andvisited by countless scholars and scholars since ancient times. Li Bai, Liu Yuxiand Du Mu, the great poets of Tang Dynasty, wrote poems for her. Kong ShangrensPeach Blossom Fan and Wu Jingyangs scholars also vividly described the "ten liQinhuai River".

Compared with the Yangtze River, which flows through the north of NanjingCity, the ancient Qinhuai River is very small, but it is closely related to thebirth and development of Nanjing City, as well as the political, economic andcultural development of Nanjing area. As early as five or six thousand years agoin the Neolithic age, there have been human reproduction. So far, as many as 50or 60 relics of primitive villages have been found along both sides of theriver. In the Six Dynasties and the early Ming Dynasty, the feudal court alwaysregarded it as a natural barrier for the capital and a natural passage for theimperial palace. After the establishment of the capital Jianye (Nanjing), SunQuan of the eastern Wu Dynasty used to make "gate ponds" on both sides of theQinhuai River, which could not only resist the enemy, but also prevent floods.Since the Six Dynasties, both sides of the Qinhuai River in the area ofConfucius Temple have been prosperous places with dense residents and connectedmarkets. The Qinhuai River has served as the main channel for foreign trade inNanjing, with boats and boats shuttling through the river. It is said that inthe old days, there were many song houses and restaurants on both sides of theQinhuai River, the river houses and water pavilions were full of splendor, theyacht paintings were well lighted, and the rich and noble lived a life ofpleasure and money. The working people, especially the vast number of women, hada good taste of the bitterness of the world. At that time, prostitutes inNanjing were mostly concentrated on both sides of the Qinhuai River. LiXiangjun, a famous prostitute who is not afraid of power and nobility, isdescribed in Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren, a dramatist in Qing Dynasty.She lives by wendeqiao on the South Bank of Qinhuai River.

The beautiful Qinhuai River once flowed the loneliness of the wild age, theprosperity and extravagance since the Six Dynasties, the dirt of the oldsociety, the blood and tears of the working people, and even the blood of theNanjing Massacre. However, todays Qinhuai River, after the precipitation ofhistory and the transformation of the people, has exuded the fragrance of healthand civilization, showing a clear and moving style. It is the witness ofNanjings history. No wonder people used to take "Qinhuai" as the pronoun ofNanjing.

[Qinhuai boat - Banchi - Zhaobi of Confucius Temple - Square in front ofthe temple - Lingxing gate]

Ladies and gentlemen: now we come to the Bank of the Qinhuai River. Thepainted defenses in the river are all made in the style of Ming Dynastyarchitecture, with big red balls and red lanterns hanging on the bow. Wheneverthe Lantern Festival, Nanjing people used to come here to enjoy the lights. Itis said that after the establishment of the capital of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanjinpaid a visit to the capital. When he came to the Bank of the Qinhuai River, hesaw trees on both sides of the river, clear water, pavilions and pleasantscenery. He said casually, "Im sorry for the lack of boats in the river." Whenthe emperor opened the golden gate, he sent people all night to build the boatin order to win the favor of the emperor. Since then, Qinhuai painting hasbecome a major feature here. Especially in the Mid Autumn Festival, tens ofthousands of lanterns are in full bloom on the river, and dragon lanterns aredancing on both sides of the river. Songs, drums, cheers and laughter arecontinuous all night. It can be said that "Qinhuai is the best in the world". Nowonder there is a folk saying in Nanjing that "every family walks on the bridge,everyone looks at the light".

This section of Qinhuai River in front of us has become a Confucius Temple(Confucius Temple) and panchi since the Song Dynasty, also known as crescentmoon. In ancient times, the Imperial Academy was called Biyong, and the princesAcademy was called Pangong. The Confucius Temple Academy was equivalent to theplace where the princes gave lectures, so this pool was called "panchi".Generally, there are three stone bridges built on panchi. According to thegrade, county officials and students take the middle one, and scholars take thebridges on both sides. It is said that in ancient times, a scholar mistakenlywent to Zhongqiao. He was in a dilemma and had to jump into panchi byhimself.

Please look at a section of vermilion stone brick wall on the other side ofthe river. This is the screen wall of Confucius Temple. Zhaobi was built in thethird year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (Li Ze Nian), 110 meters long, which isthe highest Zhaobi in the whole family. Ladies and gentlemen, this ConfuciusTemple was built in 337, the third year of emperor chengdi of the Eastern JinDynasty. At that time, Emperor chengdi adopted the advice of Wang Dao: "thecultivation of talents is the most important thing in governing the country",and decided to establish the University on the Bank of Qinhuai river. In thefirst year of Jingpai (1034), the Confucius Temple was built on the basis ofXuefu. Therefore, Confucius Temple is a bustling city evolved from a culturaland educational center. It includes three main buildings: Confucius Temple,Academy and Gongyuan. Its scope is adjacent to the North Bank of Qinhuai Riverin the south, the east end of Jiankang road in the north, Yaojia Lane in theEast and Sifu Lane in the West. Although the Confucius Temple was destroyed manytimes, it was built and expanded in different dynasties. By the end of the QingDynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the structure and layout ofits pavilions and temples were the best in the southeast. The present ConfuciusTemple is partly rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty and partly rebuilt in recentyears. Please look back. This pavilion style building is called KuixingPavilion. It was first built in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The waterfrontbuilding was destroyed twice and rebuilt in 1985.

Now we come to the square in front of the temple opened up in the QingDynasty. There are two steles standing at the East and West ends of the square,about one foot high, on which are engraved two words in Manchu and Chinese:"Minister of culture and military dismounts here", which shows respect for thesage Confucius. The pavilion with six corners and double eaves on the left iscalled "star gathering Pavilion", which means that all the stars areconcentrated and talents are gathered. It was built in the 14th year of Wanli inthe Ming Dynasty (1586), but it was not rebuilt until the 8th year of Tongzhi inthe Qing Dynasty (1869). This is the only Qing Dynasty building that survivedthe Japanese artillery fire. Unfortunately, it was demolished as "four old" in1968 and rebuilt in 1983, restoring its original style. The memorial archway inthe middle of the square is called "Tianxia Wenshu archway". Please continue tofollow me. This gate is called Lingxing gate, which is the gate of ConfuciusTemple. It is said that TA Xing is the star in charge of education in the sky.He is convenient and happy. The gate is a stone structure with six columns andthree gates. It was built in 1480, the 16th year of Chenghua in the MingDynasty. It was later destroyed and rebuilt in 1870. However, the polar gate wesee now was rebuilt in 1983. The East and west sides of the gate are the Eastand West markets.

走过棂星门，便是孔庙的正门，叫大成门，也叫戟门。门内侧有石碑四块。第一块是《孔子问礼图碑》，刻于南朝齐永明二年(484年)。记载了春秋末年奴隶制衰亡之际，孔子出于对周王朝礼乐制度的崇拜，抱着兴国安邦、济世访贤的愿望，于鲁昭公二十四年(公元前518年)，从家乡曲阜去周王城洛阳考察典章制度，寻求巩固鲁国奴隶主政权办法的经历。碑的上半部有"孔子问礼图，吴敬恒题"的题字。图中是二人驾车，一组身穿古装人物在城门前欢迎的场面，还有"永明二年，孔子在鲁人周门礼周流"的字样。这块碑已有1500多年的历史了，图文仍清晰可辨，是难得的珍贵文物。第二块碑是《集庆孔庙碑》，碑文是元朝至大二年(1309年)重建孔庙时由卢挚撰写的，到元至顺元年(1330年)，由纯斋王公书写刻石。第三块碑是《封四氏碑》，讲的是元至顺二年，文宗皇帝诏示：加封颜回、曾参(孔子的两个弟子)、孔极(孔子的孙子)、孟轲(孔子的再传弟子)为四亚圣之事。第四块碑是《封至圣夫人碑》，讲的是元至顺二年(1331年)，文宗皇帝颁旨加封孔子之妻为至圣夫人之事。庙院两侧是碑廊(原来是供奉孔门七十二贤人牌位的地方)，廊内陈列了当代书法名家的碑刻30块。现在，请大家随我从中间的石雨道走。在进大成殿前，我先给大家介绍一下殿前的这个露天台子，这是祭祀和歌舞的地方。古时每年二月、八月的第一个丁日和孔子诞辰这一天(农历八月二十七日)，地方官吏都要在孔庙举行盛大的祭扫活动。祭祀采用的是酉周奴隶主祭天地鬼神的礼仪，在大成殿前摆上仿青铜器做的祭器，上供牛2头、猪16头、羊16头，以及大量布帛菽粟、干鲜果品、香纸蜡烛等。主祭人要穿特制的古装祭服，宣读祭文，向孔子及"四配"(孔子高徒)、"十二哲"(孔家子弟)牌位行三拜九叩礼，还配有乐队和舞队表演，以歌颂孔子，所以大成殿前要设舞台。现在请各位游客随我进人孔庙主殿--大成殿。这是一座气势巍峨，重檐庑殿顶，屋脊中央有双龙戏珠立雕的建筑。这种规格的建筑在全国也是屈指可数的。"大成"意思是孔子集古圣先贤思想之大成。大成殿内原先正中供奉的是孔子和他的四位高徒，两旁是孔家子弟塑像十二尊。现在的大成殿已被辟为"南京乡土文化博物馆"。请大家再往前走，这里便是夫子庙的学宫。门楣上方原来有"学宫"匾额，门外柏木牌坊，牌坊上题有"东南第一学"。牌坊的北面是四周围有木栏的花圃，左右有四书斋，是学子自修读书的地方。这四斋名称分别是"志道"、"据德"、"依仁"、"游艺"。后面是明德堂，这座建筑建于南宋绍兴九年(1139年)，堂名为文天祥所书。明德堂是学子集会的地方，每月朔望(农历初一和十五)朝圣后，学子在此集会，训导师宣讲圣教和上谕。东墙有"卧碑"，就是训教的法规。左右横梁上悬挂着江宁府所属六县举贡员生题额。我们眼前的这座建筑是梨香阁，原来是祭祀孔子父母的崇圣祠，现改为游乐场了。东面那座建筑是青云楼，它建于明万历十四年(1586年)，是供把历代督学使的祠堂，初建时为三层楼，因为临近贡院，为防止有人从楼上偷看贡院，清代时改建成二层楼，上层用作藏书，下层是阅览室。清末废除科举后，改为小学，民国初年改为江宁县教育会，抗战时被用作开茶馆、歌场，战后曾先后作为民众教育馆和南京市通志馆。这也是旧学宫保留下来的为数不多的建筑之一。各位游客：参观完学宫建筑后，我们再去参观一下夫子庙的另一座古建筑群--贡院。

以前郑州没有海洋馆，每次出去旅游，只要有海洋馆，爸爸妈妈就会带我去看看。我参观过北京，上海还有青岛的海洋馆，每个地方的都各不相同。现在我们郑州也建了一个海洋馆，我高兴极了。五一的时候，妈妈带我参观了郑州的海洋馆。

进入海洋馆，就能看见一个个各不相同的玻璃池里游动着的鱼群。有海马，潜水艇鱼，刀片鱼等，都是我们平时很少见的。有的鱼样子很怪，上嘴唇很长，下嘴唇很短，像鸭子的嘴一样。还有很多鱼身上色彩斑斓，有红色，黄色，蓝色，绿色，就像穿着一件五彩缤纷的花衣裳，美丽极了。

海洋馆里还有一条海底隧道，它就是穿梭在水里的一个玻璃的密封通道，就像走在大海里一样。抬起头，我们就可以看到很多的鱼，有鲨鱼，海龟，还有象一把大扇子一样的鳐，拖着一条长长细细的尾巴，从我们的头顶上游过。我们可以清楚地看到鳐的肚子上有几个小洞，一张一合，大概是在呼吸吧，真是好玩。

不光可以看到不同的鱼，海洋馆里还有各种表演。我们看了小海狮表演的套圈，顶球，还有潜水员装扮成的美人鱼，表演的童话故事。最后，我们在海龟池边用白菜喂了海龟，还在小小的触摸池里亲自摸了摸海星，它肉乎乎的，不软也不硬。

我真喜欢我们郑州的海洋馆。

Hello, everyone! Welcome to Nanjing Confucius Temple. The Confucius Templeis located on the Bank of Qinhuai River in the south of the city. It is ahistoric site and tourist attraction that Nanjing people are proud of. It is aprosperous place where culture, commerce, sightseeing center and Temple marketare integrated.

Confucius Temple, also known as Confucius Temple and Confucian temple, is aplace to offer sacrifices to Confucius, a famous educator and thinker in China.Confucius was honored as Confucius in ancient times, so his temple is commonlyknown as "Confucius Temple". Due to the orthodox status of Confucianism, itsfounder Confucius was highly respected by the rulers and scholars of feudalsociety. There were more than one Confucius temples all over the country. As aplace for feudal scholars to worship, Confucius Temple is mostly arrangedtogether with educational facilities (such as school palace, Gong Yuan, etc.),that is, the so-called temple is attached to school, usually in front or on oneside of the school palace.

Historically, there were three Confucius temples in the urban area ofNanjing, one in the compound of the current municipal government and the otherin the Chaotian Palace. Now we are going to visit the third and most famousplace. It was moved from Chaotian Palace in the first year of Jingyou of SongDynasty (1034). At first, it was Jiankang school, Jiqing road school in YuanDynasty, Guoxue in Ming Dynasty, yingtianfu school in Qing Dynasty, andJiangning school and Shangyuan school in Qing Dynasty. It was destroyed in theXianfeng Period, rebuilt in the Tongzhi period (1869), and burned by theJapanese during the Anti Japanese war. The existing Confucius Temple was rebuiltin the early 1980s. It uses the former temple and the later school, ConfuciusTemple in the front and the Academy in the back, and the later Gong Yuan isarranged on the left side of the Academy. Therefore, the relatively completepattern of Confucius Temple in Nanjing includes three parts, namely, ConfuciusTemple, Academy and Gongyuan. The North-South central axis with Dacheng hall asthe center and the main buildings on both sides and the Jiangnan Gongyuanexhibition hall with Mingyuan building as the center have become the maintourist spots in the Confucius Temple area.

Due to its long history and convenient water transportation, ConfuciusTemple area has become a famous "beautiful place" and a place where celebritieslive in ancient Nanjing before the appearance of Confucius Temple. Therefore, inaddition to the main scenic spots mentioned above, there are also scenic spotssuch as Wu Jingzis former residence, ancient taoyedu, Cuiyuan, one hundred yearold shop Street, wendeqiao, Wang Xies former residence, Wuyi lane, meixianglou,etc.

Now we are standing at the starting point of the central axis of ConfuciusTemple - Confucius Temple Square. Looking around, there are panchi, Zhaobi andmufang in the south, Juxing Pavilion, KuiGuang Pavilion and business district inthe East and West, Dacheng hall in the central axis and the East and West citieson the East and west sides of Confucius Temple in the north, which form theunique atmosphere of Confucius Temple area different from other cities, that is,the pattern of Temple market integration in history.

Look at the river in front of the square. Its called Qinhuai River. Itsthe mother river of Nanjing people. Its 110 kilometers long and gave birth tothe early Nanjing civilization. The section that flows through the square is apart of the Inner Qinhuai River. When the temple was built, it was transformedinto panchi, named after the water flowing through the Confucius Temple in Qufu.A red wall on the south bank is a large screen wall built in the Wanli period ofthe Ming Dynasty (1575). It is 110 meters long and majestic. It is the largestscreen wall in China. Zhaobi played a role of shelter and decoration, which wasthe beginning of the whole Confucius Temple complex. The stone railings on theNorth Bank of panchi were built in Zhengde (1514) of the Ming Dynasty. Aftermany vicissitudes, they became the only best preserved ancient architecturalsketch in the Confucius Temple complex, which had been repaired before the AntiJapanese war. Here, visitors take a rest on the fence and enjoy the beautifulscenery of Qinhuai.

The Wende bridge on the west side of panchi is now hanbaiyu bridge. It gotits name from the Confucian schools advocacy of article morality. Because thedirection of the bridge is the same as that of the meridian, every November 15of the lunar calendar, when the bright moon is in the sky and you look down fromthe railing, you can see the shadow of the bridge on both sides of the bridge.The bright moon in the river is divided into two and a half months, which iscalled "Wen de Fen Yue". Wu Jingzi recorded it in his book scholars. If you havea chance, you might as well come to Wende bridge on November 15 of the lunarcalendar to have a look.

A group of Hui style buildings at the entrance of South Wuyi lane ofwendeqiao is called "Wangxie ancient residence". As the settlement area of WangXie and Wang Xie in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it has a great influence,especially the verses of Wu Yi Xiang, the famous work of Liu Yuxi in TangDynasty, which makes Wu Yi Xiang and Wang Xies former residence very famous,and now it is "the historical and cultural exhibition Hall of Six Dynasties inNanjing." You can visit it when you have time.

Now, to the north of the stone column is the newly rebuilt Tianxia Wenshusquare, which indicates that it is the cultural center of Tianxia. Three doorsand four pillars, quite spectacular. In ancient times, it corresponded to theLingxing gate at the back, which was used for the emperors to go on a pilgrimageto worship Confucius. The high gate square in the middle was the royal roadwhere the emperor was lucky to come. It was used for the princes of the countyto go in and out. The ordinary officials and subjects could not pass through, soit was usually closed with wooden fences.

The star gathering Pavilion on the west side of the square in front of thetemple has a hexagonal cornice, which is simple and elegant. It looks like atwo-layer structure with double cornices on the outside. In fact, it has onlyone floor. The name of the pavilion is the gathering of stars and talents. Inthe East, the small courtyard facing the water is KuiGuang Pavilion. The KuixingPavilion in the pavilion has three floors and six sides, and faces QinhuaiRiver. The scenery is unique. In ancient times, there was a saying of "Kui ZhuWen". Kuixing, or Kuixing, is a sign of prosperity of the literary movement anda symbol of winning the first place in the imperial examination. Therefore,Kuixing was regarded as a God by the students of the past dynasties. KuiGuangPavilion and Juxing Pavilion look at each other from the east to the west,echoing each other and integrating into one.

The stone square gate in the north of the square in front of the temple isthe first gate of the Confucius Temple - Lingxing gate, with six columns andthree gates. It is simple and beautiful, and the lintel in the middle isengraved with the seal character "Lingxing gate". Lingxing is the "Wenxing" inancient astronomy. The reason why it is named is to show that scholars in theworld gather here. The brick relief inlaid with peony pattern between the threedoors is exquisitely carved and gorgeous. The top of the stone column is made ofcloud plate, which means Huabiao, as a sign. This is the gate for the emperor toworship Confucius.

After passing the Lingxing gate, we came to the Dacheng gate of Dachenghall.

Dachengmen, also known as Jimen, is the main gate of Confucius Temple, withZhijing gate on both sides. In feudal times, only officials could get in and outof dachengmen, while ordinary scholars could only get in and out from otherdoors. Entering the gate, there are four ancient steles on the left and right:in the East, there are the stele of fengzhishengs wife in 1331, the remnantstele of Jiqing Confucius Temple in 1330, and the stele of kongyuwenli in 484,which was moved by the municipal government. This book is based on the picturestele of Confucius asking for rites.

On both sides of the courtyard and corridor are arranged eight ofConfucius twelve students, namely min sang, ran Geng, ran Qiu, Duan Muzi, ranYong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan and Zhong you. They are all carved from white jade of HanDynasty. They are very devout and lifelike.

Looking forward, the platform in front of the Dacheng hall is Danlong,commonly known as the terrace. It is 1.4 meters high, 21.8 meters wide from eastto west, and 14.0 meters long from north to south. It is surrounded by stonerailings, 24 cloud looking pillars, and stone lanterns are set at the twocorners of the platform. This terrace is used for sacrifice, singing anddancing. The statue of Kongyu in the middle of the terrace is particularlyeye-catching. Its made of bronze, 4.18 meters long and weighs 37 tons. Itsexquisitely made, lifelike, full-bodied, with a kind and deep face. The eyebrowsreveal the wisdom of a great thinker and leave a very deep impression on people.On both sides of the terrace, there were two verandas, which were used toworship the memorial tablets of the 72 sages in Confucius gate and to storesacrificial, ceremonial and dancing utensils. Now it is reduced to a small twoveranda and changed into a stele gallery. There are more than 30 steles with inkmarks of famous calligraphers such as Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi and Wu Zhongqi,which are displayed for tourists to enjoy.

At the end of the terrace is the majestic main hall of Confucius TempleDacheng hall, which is 16.22 meters high, 27.3 meters wide and 27.9 meters deep.It is an antique building on the top of chongcaoxie mountain. Under the eaves ofthe front, there is a sea blue vertical plaque, which reads "Dacheng hall".Confucius is the most sage and forerunner of Dacheng, and Dacheng refers toConfucius. The word "Dacheng" comes from "notes. Learning notes", which is thehighest level of learning. It can also be seen in Mencius wanzhang. "Confuciusis the sage of time. Confucius called it jidacheng. " There is a beautifulstanding sculpture of "double dragons playing with pearls" in the birds kiss onthe roof, which is the first of its kind in China; The light and beautifultendency of the roof covered with green tiles is obviously different from themagnificent tendency of the yellow glazed tiles used in the roof of the northernConfucius Temple. It is more easygoing and popular. This is also one of theperformances of Nanjing Confucius Temple closer to popular culture, or "do asthe Romans do". The whole building is magnificent with double eaves, crisscrossbrackets, seven couplets in the hall, 26 wooden columns in the corridor, 16lattice doors in the front and back, and purlins in the inner hall. In thecenter of the hall, there is a 6.5-meter-high and 3.5-meter-wide portrait ofConfucius, the largest in China. On the front two sides of the portrait, thereare another four of the 12 students, namely Mencius, Kongji, Zengshen andYanhui. In front of the portrait, there are also ancient musical instrumentssuch as Gong, Qin, wokonghou, chime, Bianzhong, guzheng and drum.

38 inlaid murals reflecting Confucius life stories are hung on thesurrounding walls, which are called "Confucius holy trace". They are made ofinner jade from Zhejiang, Fujian, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Qinghai, Guangxi,Guangdong and other provinces (regions), famous crystals from jixueleng,Shoushan stone, feicuilv, zhoucunleng and precious jewelry such as gold,jewelry, Luodian, etc. by 2oo craftsmen in Yueqing, Zhejiang Province. It takesthree years The total investment is 5.8 million yuan. The picture adopts theChinese classical panoramic composition method, supplemented by the detaileddescription of textual research, with fine workmanship, natural color, richthree-dimensional sense, giving people a sense of lifelike magic. Each sheet is2.5 meters high and 1.3 meters wide. There are 408 figures in the painting. Theshape is natural and lifelike. The 38 murals are the picture of the holy trace,the preface to the title, the prayer of Nishan, the Qilin Yushu, the ErlongWulao, the Juntian Shengjiang, the zudou Xueli, the functionary commissar, thename Rongfu, the functionary Chengtian, the questioner Laofu, Wenshao in Qi, YanYingju Feng in Yan, the retreat of Shishu, Jiagu Huiqi, returning to Tianxiegouo, zhushaozhengmao; the female music Wenma, and Yingu Qulu. Help peopleout. In Song Dynasty, people felled trees, attacked the Falcon, struck the chimeby Shiwei, learned to play Qin by Xiang, drove back to Xihe, asked linggongabout Chen, Zilu about Jin, in chenjueliang, zixijufeng, songqiuling, Xingtanritual music, kneeling by Chihong, Xishou Huolin, Mengdian Liangying, Zhirenbiegui, Han Gaosi to Lu. This is just like the couplet in the temple, which saysthat "Qi Bei Si Shi Xing heaven and earth, ghosts and gods, sun and moon are inaccordance with their virtue; teach the world to follow Yao, Shun, Yu and TangWenwu as teachers". The truth is that "the Tao of heaven and earth runs throughthe ancient and modern times, and the six classics are deleted and listed in theConstitution for all ages.".

From the north gate of Dacheng hall, you can enter Xuegong district throughDongshi.

Dongshi and Xishi have been changed from the East and West passagewayswhich used to enter and leave the academy to the places where the ships can sellgoods on the Qinhuai River. Now they have become the most distinctive places forarts and crafts, cultural goods sales and cultural activities in the ConfuciusTemple area.

The school palace was a place to cultivate talents in feudal times. Therewere different levels, such as county school, government school (road school,state school, etc.) and national school. They were all adjacent to ConfuciusTemple, which showed the orthodox status of Confucianism in building the countryand cultivating self. The school palace includes Mingde hall, Zunjing Pavilion,Jingyi Pavilion, Chongsheng temple and Qingyun tower. Entering the gate of theschool is the ancient Mingde hall. It is a place for scholars to listen to theirtutors preaching of holy teachings and instructions (ethics and governmentdecrees) after their monthly pilgrimage to the sun (i.e. Confucius), so as tocultivate their loyalty and patriotism. As for the name of mingdetang, sometourists may ask that there is only "Minglun hall" in the Confucius Templecomplex. Why Nanjing Confucius Temple is an exception, which is called"mingdetang"? Indeed, in Nanjing Confucius Temple, mingdetang was originallyalso called "Minglun hall". It was just Wen Tianxiang, the Prime Minister of theSouthern Song Dynasty, who was imprisoned when the yuan army was about toconquer Nanjing, in order to show that he would rather die than surrender Hechanged "Ming Lun Tang" into "Ming De Tang" in order to show his loyalty to thecountry and serve the people. Zunjing Pavilion, built in the middle of MingDynasty, is 18.7 meters high, with double eaves and T-shaped ridges on the topof the mountain. It is an extraordinary Hall for storing Confucian classics andteaching lectures. It is now an exhibition hall of folk customs. Standing sideby side with Zunjing pavilion are Chongsheng temple and Qingyun tower. Zunjingacademy is divided into two sides behind Zunjing Pavilion. In the Qing Dynasty,Qingyun building was changed into a library, and Zunjing Academy was used as alecture center, which is equivalent to the classroom now. The small highlandbehind the Zunjing Pavilion, called Weishan, has a Jingyi Pavilion. AllConfucian temples in the world have Jingyi Pavilion. It began in the Jiajingperiod of the Ming Dynasty. In the pavilion, the emperors motto of "JingyiZhen" was set up as the motto of the students. The so-called "respect one" isthe dedication to Confucianism.

After touring the Academy, walk tens of meters to the East past GongyuanWest Street, which is Jiangnan Gongyuan. During this period of time, I wouldlike to introduce to you some other information about the Confucius Temple. Inaddition to the buildings of Confucius Temple, there are more noticeable folkcustoms, characteristic markets and snacks in the area.

Dear friends, this is the end of the tour of Confucius Temple. Thank youfor your support and cooperation!

Each group members, today we will visit the scenic spots is a tomb. Sun yat-sens mausoleum is located in nanjing, the second peak of small maoshan the foothill, is one of the greatest Chinese democratic revolution pioneer sun yat-sen mausoleum, it is a famous building in nanjing during the period of the republic of China, has now become a card and sign in nanjing, is one of the first 5 a grade scenic spot. First, lets look at the sun yat-sen this person. Sun yat-sen, sun yat-sen, because when engaged in revolutionary activities in Japan has used "zhongshan firewood" alias, so your respectful name he is Mr Zhongshan, domestic and foreign friends often referred to as Dr. Sun yat-sen. Was born in 1866, as a teenager in Honolulu, Hong Kong and other places to study, after graduation to practice medicine in places such as guangzhou, macau, and after a medical in politics; Organization founded the Chinese brothers in Japan in 1905, put forward the "expel the manchus, restore China, the establishment of the republic of China, the average land ownership" of the platform, as well as the three peoples principles ", the peoples livelihood and civil rights for democracy "theory; After the revolution in 1911, was elected the provisional President of the republic of China; The oath of office in 1912 New Years day, after yuan shikai secretly, he has led the "second revolution" movement "protecting" the movement to protect the ", etc.;

On March 12, 1925, died in Beijing because became ill because of overwork. Sun yat-sens mausoleum burial site is sun yat-sen was selected, on April 1, 1912 is the sun for the day after the peaceful reunification of the north and south, resolutely resigned as their President, sun yat-sen and hunting hu and others had to purple mountain area, he looked around the terrain, smiles to the around said: "after I had another died, to national begging for this 柸 soil, to house body". Sun yat-sens mausoleum was designed by young architects Lv Yanzhi, and mountain building, sits, Ming tomb, in the west and the east which the soul valley temple, cemetery global form design is "wake-up call". Sun yat-sens mausoleum since the start in the spring of 1926 in the summer of 1929 to build. Held on June 1, 1929 at 12 noon "manusoleum" sun yat-sens coffin was buried inside the tomb has never been opened. LingQian parts: (2 minutes)

Now we came to the tomb of the half moon square. Octagonal stone table, south of the square there is a statue of baoding copper, 4.25 meters high, abdominal diameter 1.23 meters, weighs 5000 kilograms, is one of the monuments of sun yat-sens mausoleum, the ding is in the autumn of 1933 by guangzhou zhongshan university President and all the teachers and students to donate, tai chi-tao wrote pot belly cast with "wisdom, kernel, brave," three word is the school motto of sun yat-sen university, ding also groove wear mother huang xiao ", the full text, so the xiao ding and ding. Ascend the stairs by square, right against the face of humanity, located in the center of the front, this is a four pillars three eaves of memorial arch, built in 1930, 12 meters high, 17.3 meters wide, with fujian granite archaize generation built wooden arches form, banners overlying blue glazed tile, before and after the column foot drum stone, the bottom of the column for rectangular stone bridge, arch carved lotus petals on clouds and ancient buildings such as coloured drawing or pattern design, because it is in writing banners on a stone, engraved with sun yat-sen calligraphy "fraternity" two gold-plating spiral, so called "love fang". Love a word from the tang han yus "the way" "universal love" benevolence ", it is said that sun yat-sens favourite topic

These two words to send people, that the word has become his life very good summary and reflection. Through the memorial arch, is a 480 meters long and 40 meters wide of the pyramid-shaped mound, left, middle and right three pyramid-shaped mound, intermediate in 12 meters wide, 9 meters wide on both sides of the lawn, which planted with cedar, Sabina chinensis, such as evergreen trees, the two sides of the pyramid-shaped mound each 4.6 meters wide, in what they each have the lawn, which not only planted gingko trees, such as cement benches for YeLing person to rest, also has in the design of both conforms to the spirit of traditional Chinese architecture, but also has a unique style, strict in axisymmetric give a person the sense with testimonies is rigorous, with two symmetrical cedar, Sabina chinensis, ginkgo, red maple trees instead of the ancient imperial tomb common stone golem, suggesting Mr Zhongshan spirit such as cypress trees last forever.

“彩虹明镜”与月牙池

过了哼哈殿可见一个小巧的明镜湖，真象是透明的玻璃镶嵌在绿色的地毯上，当湖水盈盈之时，可见寺门及两侧岗丘前的古枫绿树倒映水中，涟猗骤起，波光浮动，山林古寺就象映在银幕上，景色比岸上更胜三分，即所谓“彩虹明镜”为栖霞之一景也。

鼓 楼

明镜湖向前数步，可见钟鼓楼，栖霞鼓楼沿古寺主建筑中轴线与钟楼完全对称，而建筑结构、尺寸、材料、色调、外形与钟楼保持一致，形成南有千禧钟，北有太平鼓之完臻格局，钟楼之声更添古刹之庄严，实乃太平盛世之殊胜因缘也。大鼓腰直径二点五米，鼓面直径二点一米，厚一点八米，重约四百公斤。

钟楼

栖霞山钟楼建于1999年12月，“钟楼”二字出自于著名书法家林散之之手，楼下供地藏王菩萨，佛教中认为他是地狱中的神，钟声响起时能解脱罪恶的灵魂，楼上的千禧大钟总重量为9.6吨，每年新年来临人们在此举行敲钟活动以祈祷来年平安幸福。

寂然法师像

在钟楼后方竖有一寂然法师像，寂然法师弱冠之年出家于寿圣寺，一九二一年来栖霞奉事剃度师振禅和尚，法师悉心照料体事入微,若舜和尚深为感动，遂请法师担任监院。

一九三七年，南京沦陷，日军烧杀奸淫，暴行肆虐，寂然法师留守栖霞，得大本、志开二位法师建议与协助，以大慈悲之心，于寺中设佛教难民收容所达四月之久，救护难民二万三千余人，并掩护抗战将领安全脱险。为赈济难民，又设法四处告贷募化。一九三九年秋终因积劳成疾，心力交瘁，壮年早逝。

法师一生，爱国护教、济世救民，实为佛门楷模。

白莲池

钟鼓楼向前数步为白莲池，呈半月形，故名月牙池，供游人或佛门信徒放生之用，俗名放生池，沿池的汉白玉栏杆，雕刻水禽花卉，颇有艺术情味。关于放生池的由来，尚有典故可寻，这里从颜真卿说起，南北朝时佛教在中国进入盛期，梁武帝萧衍是历史上显赫一时的佛门天子，是一个以佛化治国的皇帝，在位时极为倡导佛教，主张天下僧民皆吃素食，但他借皇帝权威，自作“断酒肉文”，强令各地寺院执行，从此形成了中国佛教素食的制度。放生池的设置亦在此时。素食与放生是一脉相通的。

二亿年前的碑材——明征君碑

栖霞寺山门广场左侧即是栖霞一宝明征君碑，明征君碑是唐代高宗皇帝李治在上元三年4月25日(公元676年)为纪念明征君(明僧绍)将自己的宅第捐献给佛门，创建栖霞寺而立，至今有1300多年，现已被列为全国重点文物保护单位。碑文为唐高宗(李治)所撰，出自唐初著名书法家高正臣手笔，笔法俊逸清秀，刚柔有致，可见当时风格特点，碑面除碑额篆书“明征君碑”四字外(四字为王知敬手书)均为行书，共二千三百七十六字，现尚存二千三百六十三字，仅缺十三字，字迹清晰可辨、碑阴有“栖霞”两个大字，据传为高宗亲笔。其字体历来有两种说法，其一，笔力遒劲，雄浑;其二，字体并无遒劲，潇洒之感，倒有柔弱疲软之貌，如果说字如其人，那它不正是李治自身的写照么!要不然他的政权怎么会落到武则天的手中去呢?此碑也是南京地区保存得最完美的唐代碑刻，在全国现存唐碑中，是极罕见的珍品。

栖霞寺历代僧人都称碑材为“梅花石”。现此碑经古生物专家考证，属于沉积岩类的“海百合茎石灰岩”，朵朵梅花是海百合茎等动物化石，全碑正面约有海百合动物化石2万2千多个，距今已有2亿零5百多万年。具有这么多可见的动物化石制成碑的如此大块的标本，在全国甚至全世界也是罕见的，因此，栖霞山的明征君碑不仅是文物古迹之珍品，而且也是地质界收藏的化石标本之珍品。

Yuejiang building is an L-shaped building with the main wing facing northand the secondary wing facing west. Both wings can enjoy the scenery of theYangtze River. The main building is located at the horns of the two wings, fouron the outside and three on the inside, with a total height of 51 meters and atotal construction area of more than 5000 square meters.

In the middle of the hall on the third floor of the bell tower is decoratedwith the largest porcelain painting of Jingdezhen in China. The painting is 12.8meters high and 8 meters wide. It consists of 12 parts, colorful andmagnificent. It describes the glorious history of Zheng Hes voyages to theWestern Ocean from 1405 to 1433, including the construction of treasure ships,scientific navigation, ocean conquest, peaceful diplomacy, good neighborlinessand friendship, the spread of civilization, equal economy and trade, culturalexchanges, and other grand events of western countries local customs andpractices.

The huge porcelain painting also reflects the scene that Emperor Yonglebuilt "Jinghai Temple" and "Tianfei Palace" and set up "Tianfei Palace" to prayfor safety for Zheng Hes navigation. There is a copy of Zheng Hes treasureship and a huge rusty anchor in the hall. These two objects vividly andconcretely prove that Nanjing was the main shipbuilding site of Zheng Hesvoyages to the West and the largest shipbuilding base in the world at thattime.

On the second floor of Yuejiang tower, there are 16 portraits of Zheng Hesemperors during and after his voyages to the West. The top ones are ZhuYuanzhang, Ming Taizu, and Zhu Di, Ming Chengzu. At the same time, it also showsthe splendid culture of the Ming Dynasty, including the territory of the MingDynasty, famous calligraphers and painters, science and technology, andintroduces in detail Chinas advanced science and culture during Zheng Hesvoyages to the West.

The internal layout of Yuejiang building centers on the political opinionsof the two emperors, Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di. At the bottom of the building,what is most worth seeing is a chair, a wall and a plaque. Placed in front ofthe wall is a "Zhu Yuanzhang dragon chair". Although it is an imitation, it ismade of high-quality mahogany and weighs more than 1000 Jin. There are ninedragons carved on the back of the Dragon chair, which are exquisite and vivid. Aplaque on the east side, "Zhilong Tang Song", was written by Kangxi. There was aboat and a painting on the second floor. Zhu Di, Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty,lifted the sea ban and expanded trade and cultural exchanges. At that time,there was a shipyard in Xiaguan area of Nanjing. Many ships were built in theshipyard. The longest ship was 138 meters long and 56 meters wide. It had ninemasts and 12 sails when sailing. Its carrying capacity was 7000 tons, which wasthe highest in the world 600 years ago. This giant porcelain painting reflectsthe history of Zheng Hes seven voyages to the west between 1405 and 1433. Thepicture is composed of 12 parts. It describes in detail the grand occasion ofZheng He, a navigator, who built treasure ships according to Emperor Yongleswill and went to western countries to publicize Chinese civilization. Thepicture also reflects the Emperor Yongles imperial edict to build "JinghaiTemple" and "Tianfei Palace" and personally bestow "Tianfei palace stele",ringing Jinghai temple bell to commemorate the sea god Tianfei empress whoprotects the safety of navigation.

On the top floor of Yuejiang tower is a Panlong caisson. The Golden Dragonon the roof is carved from the whole camphor wood. The dragon is made of 24 Kgold and Jiangning gold foil. The inside and outside of this building share 11kg of 24 K pure gold, so it is particularly brilliant.

南京阅江楼英语导游词3

The original intention of building Yuejiang tower began more than 600 yearsago by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Before he becameemperor, Zhu Yuanzhang used red and yellow banners as his name on the lionmountain to command tens of thousands of ambushes and defeat the powerful enemyChen Youliangs 400000 strong attack, which laid the foundation for theestablishment of the Ming Dynasty. Fourteen years later, in 1374, that is, inthe spring of the seventh year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang built a pavilion inShizishan and named it Yuejianglou. Taking Yuejianglou as the title, he orderedthe officials in the dynasty to write a story of Yuejianglou. There are threearticles that have been handed down to the present: Yuejianglou Ji written bySong Lian, a famous writer and academician in the late Yuan Dynasty and earlyMing Dynasty, and Yuejianglou Ji and youyuejianglou Ji written by Zhu Yuanzhanghimself. Zhu Yuanzhang also used prisoners in prison to build a "flat stone" forbuilding on the top of the lion rock, which is the foundation.

Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly decided to stop the construction of Yuejiangbuilding after he wrote the story of the building and laid the foundation, andexplained the reasons for stopping the construction in his story of the buildingagain: first, God entrusted him with a dream to warn him not to rush to buildthe Yuejiang building; second, after careful consideration, he felt that theconstruction of Yuejiang building should be delayed. In fact, another reason isto concentrate money and manpower to build the city walls of Nanjing andFengyang, the capital of China. Later, even the city walls of Fengyang, thecapital of China, were stopped because of the huge cost.

When the building was completed in 20__, it is worth mentioning that due tothe lack of many ancient materials and the differences in modern buildingspecifications and techniques, the newly-built Yuejiang building does not usethe traditional wood structure, but uses the modern reinforced concretestructure instead, which makes the famous building lack a trace of ancientcharm.

Yuejianglou scenic spot creates five best in China

1. Stone lions -- this is the largest pair of male lions in China, with aheight of 4. It is 8 meters long and weighs about 30 tons. It is carved fromJinshan stone in Suzhou. The style is in the period of emperor Taizu of MingDynasty, and it is carved according to the gate guard lion in the mausoleum ofemperor Mingzu of Xuyi county. The two lions are powerful and royal.

2. Yuejianglou Ji written by Zhu Yuanzhang, a white jade tablet in HanDynasty, was copied by contemporary calligraphers. On the back of the tablet wasYuejianglou Ji written by Song Lian, which was selected as Guwenguanzhi. Hanbaijade is mined from Fangshan, Beijing, gaolv 3. 1 meter, 4 meters wide. 8 meters,weighing 15 tons, is the largest white marble tablet in China.

3. Yuejiang Lou Ding, the largest Simuwu Ding of the Western Zhou Dynastyin China, weighs 4 tons and is engraved with seal characters: "the lion dreamsof Xi Xiang Zhang, the son and grandson of Jiao takes Yanhuang and the mountainas the backbone, reads the Yangtze River of ancient times, the river goes to thesea and the soup is vast, the Lou paiyun is generous and generous, and the dingis built in this hall forever." The first word of each of these seven sentencesis "Yuejiang Pavilion in lion mountain"

4. Zheng Hes porcelain painting in the West -- this is the largestporcelain painting in China, 12.8 meters high and 8 meters wide. Behind themurals are the works of Tang Bohu and Zhu Zhishan.

5. Bronze relief is the largest bronze relief in China. It is 2 meters highand 8 meters wide. It was made by Wu Weishan, a master sculptor. Yuejiangbuilding is one of the four famous buildings in Jiangnan.

千佛岩在凤翔峰西南麓。闻名遐迩的“东飞天”就在中102号佛龛中。南齐永明七年(489年),明僧绍之子与智度禅师合作开凿三圣像以纪念明僧绍。梁大同六年(540年)三圣像佛龛上出现佛光,惊动齐梁贵族,于是纷纷前来凿石造像,从南朝齐永明二年至梁天监十年(484-511年)逐渐开凿而成。又据传,栖霞寺创建人僧绍曾梦见西岩壁上有如来佛光,于是立志在此凿造佛像。

他病故后,其子在南齐永明二年(484年)开始与僧智度禅师在西壁上凿佛龛,镌刻了三尊佛像,这三佛合称“西方三圣”,该殿也称“三圣殿”。所有佛像或五六尊一龛,或七八尊一室。佛像始有515尊,分凿于294个佛龛中,望之如峰房鸽舍,号称千佛崖。

后来,唐、宋、元、明各代相继在纱帽峰都有开凿,连南朝在内,共有700尊。佛像大者高数丈,小者仅盈尺。其中“大佛阁”为开凿时间最早、规模最大的一座石窟,凿于南齐永明七年(公元489年),正中无量寿佛坐像高达12米。

20__年南京旅游界要说有什么大事恐怕只有栖霞山发现“东飞天”,各大媒体更是抓住这一热点进行大量报道,学术界也展开了激烈的讨论,使“东敦煌”、“东飞天”蜚声海内外,很多人慕名而来。“东飞天”位于中102号佛龛中。

这个洞龛非常小,共有5座佛像,洞顶的两组飞天为橙色,线条清晰可辨,中间佛像头顶的火焰隐约可见。虽然仅有这么两对飞天,但这是我国所发现的最东部的“敦煌遗迹”。最近又传来消息称在千佛岩旁的舍利塔上又发现了飞天浮雕,其所用技法和人物线条皆与敦煌相似,据有关报道称,这一发现进一步丰富了"东敦煌"的文化内容。

舍利塔始建于隋仁寿元年(601年),始为木塔,后毁于唐武宗会昌年间。现存之塔系南唐时高

越、林仁肇建造。从栖霞寺南侧围墙外山路向东行不远,就可看到舍利塔,该塔用白石砌成,五层八面,高约18米。塔外壁上刻有浮雕,形象姿态生动传神。

中山陵是我国伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山先生的陵墓，它坐落在江苏省南京市东郊钟山东峰小茅山的南麓，西邻明孝陵，东毗灵谷寺，整个建筑群依山势而层层上升，气势宏伟！

1925年3月12日，孙中山在北京逝世，遵照他生前安葬在钟山的遗愿，灵柩暂停放在北京香山碧云寺内，并决定在南京钟山修建他的陵墓。中山陵由陵墓样稿得奖者、著名建筑师吕彦直设计施工。

整个墓区平面形如大钟，钟的顶为山下半月形广场，广场南端的鼎台(现改为中山先生的立像)为大钟的钟纽，钟锤就是半球形的墓室。“鼎”在古代是权力的象征，因此整个大钟乃含“唤起民众，以建民国”之意。陵坐北朝南，傍山而筑，由南往北沿中轴线逐渐升高，依次为广场、石坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭堂、墓室。

祭堂的正中，为孙中山先生的汉白玉坐像，此像为国外雕塑名家保罗兰德斯所作。坐像德基座四周雕刻着孙中山先生的革命业绩，祭堂四壁的黑色大理石墙上刻有孙中山亲笔书写的>和胡汉民等人书写的>。祭堂之后有一个铜门，横额上书“浩气长存”四个大字，亦是孙中山先生的手笔。门内即为钟形墓室，其中央有一直径4米、深5米的圆形大理石圆穴。孙中山的汉白玉灵柩及卧像即安放在圆穴中，瞻仰者可围绕汉白玉栏杆俯视灵柩上的卧像，此像系捷克雕刻家高棋按遗体形象塑造，十分逼真。孙中山先生虽然与世长辞，但是他浩气长存，永远为世人所敬仰。中山陵的建筑风格中西合壁，钟山的雄伟形势与各个牌坊、陵门、碑亭、祭堂和墓室，通过大片绿地和宽广的通天台阶，连成一个大的整体，显得十分庄严雄伟，既有深刻的含意，又显得十分庄严雄伟，更有宏伟的气势，设计非常成功，所以被誉为“中国近代建筑史上的第一陵”。

Chers visiteurs.Au cours de la visite dhier, jai organisé une visite dumausolée Zhongshan, du mausolée mingxiao, du temple linggu et de lancien sitedu palais présidentiel.Aujourdhui, je vous emmènerai visiter la rivière Qinhuaiet le temple Confucius.Qinhuaihe River Tourism Area, located in the South ofNanjing Old City, from the City, takes about 20 minutes to reach by car.Cest untemple Confucius comme centre, la visite, le shopping, la dégustation de saveurdans lun de laffichage de la ville antique et les coutumes nationales de ladestination touristique.

[origine et évolution historique de la rivière Qinhuai]

La rivière Qinhuai est une rivière qui a joué un r?le important dans ledéveloppement politique, économique et culturel de la ville antique deNanjing.On dit que la rivière Qinhuai est un canal artificiel que lempereur QINShihuang a ordonné de creuser.Qin Shihuang a visité lEst et a ordonné le foragede la montagne Fang pour communiquer avec la rivière Yangtze afin de faciliterla circulation des navires en passant par Nanjing. Par conséquent, cette sectionde la rivière a re?u le nom de "rivière Qinhuai".Cependant, selon létudegéologique, la rivière Qinhuai est une rivière naturelle avec une longuehistoire. ? cette époque, lancienne rivière traversait la montagne Fangshan,mais en raison des changements géographiques, la rivière a été détournée et aprogressivement formé le cours actuel de la riviè rivière Qinhuai danslhistoire a un large cours deau.Depuis que Yang xingmi, roi de Wu dans lescinq dynasties, a construit la ville de pierre autour du pont changgan, larivière a commencé à se rétrécir et a été divisée en "Qinhuai" intérieur etextérieur.? lintérieur de la rivière Qinhuai, la rivière Qinhuai est reliée àla rivière Qinhuai à lextérieur de la ville par le col de leau de lEst, letemple Confucius et le col de leau de lOuest au sud de la porte de leau del longueur totale de la rivière est de 10 km, ce qui fait quedinnombrables érudits et érudits célèbrent et jettent des louanges et destraces de "dix Li Qinhuai".Les grands poètes de la dynastie Tang, comme Li Bai,Liu Yuxi et du Mu, ont écrit des poèmes pour elle. Dans le fan de fleur de pêchede Kong shangren et lhistoire extérieure du confucianisme comme Wu Jing, ilsont également écrit des descriptions vives de "dix Li Qinhuai".

Lancienne rivière Qinhuai est très petite par rapport à la rivière Yangtzequi traverse le nord de la ville de Nanjing, mais elle est étroitement liée à lanaissance et au développement de la ville de Nanjing, ainsi quau développementpolitique, économique et culturel de la région de Nanjing.Au début de l?genéolithique, il y a cinq ou six mille ans, lhumanité sest développéeici.Jusquà présent, jusquà 50 ou 60 vestiges de villages primitifs ont ététrouvés le long des deux rives de la riviè Cour féodale des six dynastieset du début de la dynastie Ming la utilisé comme barrière naturelle de lacapitale et comme passage naturel pour le Palais impérial.Après la constructionde la ville de dingye (Nanjing), Sun Quan, dans lest du Wu, a été appelé "étangde barrière" sur les deux rives de la rivière Qinhuai, qui peut à la foisrésister à lennemi et à linondation.Depuis les six dynasties, les deux rivesde la rivière Qinhuai dans la région de fuzimiao ont été un endroit animé avecdes résidents denses et des marchés connectés. La rivière Qinhuai a servi deprincipal canal de commerce extérieur dans la région de Nanjing. Les bateaux onttraversé la rivière et une faction a prospéré.On dit que les anciens b?timentsde chant et de vin sur les deux rives de la rivière Qinhuai étaient bondés, lesmaisons de rivière et les pavillons deau rivalisaient pour la beauté, et lespeintures de yacht étaient à lépreuve des lumières. Les riches et les noblesvivaient ici à la recherche de la joie et de lengouement pour le papier. Lestravailleurs, en particulier les femmes, se lavaient le visage avec des larmeset go?taient lamertume du monde.? cette époque, la plupart des prostituées deNanjing se concentraient sur les deux rives de la rivière Qinhuai.Kong shangren,dramaturge de la dynastie Qing, dépeint Li xiangjun, une prostituée célèbre quina pas peur des puissants et des nobles dans peach blossom fan. Elle vit prèsdu pont Wende sur la rive sud de la rivière Qinhuai.

La belle rivière Qinhuai a traversé la solitude de lépoque sauvage, laprospérité et le luxe des six dynasties, la saleté de lancienne société et lesang et les larmes des travailleurs, et même le sang du massacre deNanjing.Cependant, la rivière Qinhuai daujourdhui, après la sédimentation delhistoire et la transformation du peuple, a émis un parfum sain et civilisé, amontré un style clair et émouvant.Cest un témoignage de lhistoire de Nanjing,pas étonnant que les gens soient habitués à "Qinhuai" comme synonyme deNanjing.

【 Qinhuai painting boat - danchi - Confucius Temple zhangbi - Temple frontSquare - fengxing gate】

Visiteur: maintenant nous sommes arrivés au bord de la rivière Qinhuai. Lespeintures et les défenses de la rivière sont faites selon le style architecturalde la dynastie Ming. Il y a de grandes boules de couleur rouge et des lanternesrouges accrochées à lavant du bateau.Chaque fois que le festival des lanternes,les Nanjing sont habitués à venir ici pour profiter des lumières.Cetteatmosphère a prévalu dans la dynastie Ming. Il est dit que Zhu yuanjin a visitéla capitale après la construction de la capitale dans la dynastie Ming.Quand ilest arrivé au bord de la rivière Qinhuai, il a vu lombre des arbres sur lesdeux rives de la rivière, la rivière est claire, les pavillons et les pavillons,le paysage est agréable, et a dit, "chérir la rivière manque de bateau decroisière."Lempereur ouvrit la bouche dor, et envoya des hommes à gauche et àdroite toute la nuit construire un bateau à peinture pour gagner la joie delempereur.Depuis lors, la visite de la peinture Qinhuai est devenue une grandecaractéristique ici.En particulier au Festival de la mi - automne, il y avaitdes milliers de lanternes deau sur la rivière, des Lanternes de dragon dansantsur les deux rives, des chansons, des tambours, des acclamations et des rirescontinus, qui ont duré toute la nuit, ce qui a vraiment été appelé "Qinhuailanternes dans le monde".Il nest pas étonnant que Nanjing ait un proverbepopulaire selon lequel ? chaque famille marche sur un pont et tout le monderegarde la lumière ?.

La rivière Qinhuai sous nos yeux est devenue le temple Confucius (templeConfucius) depuis la dynastie Song.Dans lantiquité, le Palais des conférencesde lempereur sappelait Pi Yong, le Palais des conférences des princessappelait Pan Palace, et le Palais du temple Confucius était équivalent àlendroit où les princes donnaient des conférences, de sorte que ce poolsappelait Pan pool.En général, il y a trois ponts en pierre sur le lac PAN. Entermes de grade, les fonctionnaires du comté et les fonctionnaires de lécolemarchent au milieu, tandis que les érudits marchent sur les deux c?tés dupont.Il est dit que dans lantiquité, un érudit sest égaré sur le pont central,a commis un crime de désordre, un dilemme, a d? sauter dans Pan Chi.

Sil vous pla?t, regardez le mur de brique rouge cramoisi de lautre c?téde la rivière, cest le mur du temple Confucius.Zhao Bi a été construit dans latroisième année de la dynastie Ming Wanli (lannée de Lize) et a une longueur de110 mètres. Cest la Couronne de Zhao Bi pour tout le monde.Visiteur: ce templeConfucius a été construit pour la première fois dans la troisième année dexiankang (337) de lempereur Cheng de la dynastie Jin orientale. ? cette époque,lempereur Cheng a adopté la suggestion de Wang Dao: "gouverner le pays enmettant laccent sur la culture des talents", et a décidé de créer uneuniversité sur les rives de la rivière Qinhuai.? lorigine, il ny avait que lePalais de lécole. Le temple Confucius a été construit dans la première année dejingpai de lempereur Renzong de la dynastie Song (1034) sur la base delapprentissage et de la richesse.Par conséquent, le temple Confucius est uneville animée qui a évolué du Centre culturel et éducatif. Il comprend le templeConfucius, le Palais de lécole et la Cour dhommage. Il est situé sur la rivenord de la rivière Qinhuai au Sud, à lextrémité est de la route Jiankang auNord, de la ruelle yaojia à lEst et de la ruelle Sifu à lOuest, avec unegrande échelle.Bien que le temple Confucius ait été endommagé à plusieursreprises, il a été reconstruit et agrandi dans toutes les dynasties. ? la fin dela dynastie Qing et au début de la République de Chine, la structure et ladisposition de ses b?timents et temples étaient les plus célèbres du Sud -Est.Les b?timents actuels du temple Confucius ont été reconstruits en partie àla fin de la dynastie Qing et en partie au cours des dernières années.Sil vouspla?t regardez en arrière, ce b?timent de style pavillon, appelé pavillonkuixing, il a été construit pour la première fois dans la dynastie QingQianlong.Le b?timent en bordure de la rue a été détruit à deux reprises etreconstruit en 1985.

Maintenant, nous sommes arrivés à la place devant le temple, qui a étéouverte par la dynastie Qing. Il y a deux stèles à lEst et à louest de laplace, et il y a un Zhang Xu haut. Il est gravé avec les mots Manchu et Han "Lesministres de lart et des arts martiaux descendent ici" pour montrer leurrespect pour Confucius.Le pavillon à double avant - toit hexagonal sur le c?tégauche sappelle le pavillon juxing, qui rassemble les étoiles et les talents.Ila été construit dans la 14ème année de Wanli (1586) de la dynastie Ming, et aété reconstruit par Zhu Fufeng et dautres dans la 8ème année de Tongzhi (1869)de la dynastie Qing.Cest le seul b?timent de la dynastie Qing qui a survécu àlartillerie japonaise. Malheureusement, il a été démoli comme "quatre vieux" en1968 et reconstruit en 1983 pour restaurer son apparence originale.Larche aucentre de la place sappelle "larche du Centre culturel du monde".Sil vouspla?t, suivez - moi.Cest la porte du temple Confucius.On dit que létoile ducanapé est létoile de lillumination dans le porte est en pierre, sixcolonnes et trois portes, construite dans la 16ème année de la dynastie MingChenghua (1480), détruite plus tard, et reconstruite dans la 9ème année deTongzhi (1870) de la dynastie Qing.Cependant, la porte polaire que nous voyonsmaintenant a été reconstruite en 1983.Les deux c?tés est et ouest de la portedes étoiles polaires sont East City et West City.

胜棋楼—郁金堂—莫愁女雕像—粤军殉难烈士墓

胜棋楼是莫愁湖公园的主要建筑，相传当年的明太祖朱元璋和中山王徐达经常来这里下棋。每次都以徐达失败而告终，朱元璋非常明白徐达的用意，是怕胜君有罪。有一天，朱元璋事先要求徐达拿出真水平来下一盘棋。结果，徐达不但胜棋，且棋局摆得十分巧妙，用棋子摆成了“万岁”两字，朱元璋由惊转喜，暗暗地佩服徐达棋艺之高超，非但认输，还将这座楼连同莫愁湖一起送给了徐达以资表彰，胜棋楼由此得名。现今的“胜棋楼”匾，书法苍劲有力，是清代状元梅启照亲笔。旁有对联写道;“粉黛江山留得半湖烟雨;王侯事业都如一局棋杯。”楼上陈设古朴，中堂的南北壁分别挂有朱元璋和徐达画像及现代著名书法家书写的“钟阜开基，石城对弈”对联。堂前摆放一张专供下棋的棋桌。

位于胜棋楼左侧的是一座古色古香的四合院，相传这里就是莫愁女居所，因莫愁女喜欢郁金花，所以称之为郁金堂。不过，原有建筑已毁于兵火，现在的郁金堂是1795年重建的。院内有梁武帝萧衍为莫愁女所作的《河中之水歌》诗碑，清代绘刻的莫愁女石刻像和郭沫若题写的《莫愁歌》。室内陈设古朴，庄重典雅。墙上挂有许多文人墨客有关莫愁女的诗画。

在郁金堂两侧，红栏曲廊环抱着的一方水池中立有一尊根据历史资料精心雕塑的汉白玉莫愁女雕像，发会高绾，素裙垂地，手挎桑篮，亭亭玉立，神态自若，栩栩如生，是根据《河中之水歌》中的“十四采桑南陌头”的诗意雕刻而成的。方池四周，曲廊、赏荷亭、四方亭、光华亭等建筑，相衔相生、巧妙连接，显得格外雅致、洁净。

莫愁湖南岸，有一座占地约370多平方米的粤军殉难烈士墓。墓建于1912年3月，毁于抗战期间，1947年重修，1979年再次重修。这座墓是为纪念在与封建余孽张勋企图复辟帝制的战斗中英勇牺牲的粤军烈士而建立的。墓前有孙中山先生手书的“建国成仁”墓碑，碑阴刻有黄兴所撰墓志。

园以水胜，路因园名。与莫愁湖邻近的还有一条名叫莫愁路的街道。过去人们常说，不到夫子店与莫愁路，就等于没有来过南京。夫子庙是因曾是一个灯红酒绿的风月场所而出名，而莫愁路则因“黑市”而闻名。据说，莫愁路上的“黑市”在明代已出现，当时一些破落官家变卖财产，怕人耻笑，就在黑夜之间拿来这里交易脱手。这里所交易的物品，既有小商贩从民间收购来的废旧物品，也有小偷、扒手的赃物和贪官污吏所侵吞的物资。直到新中国成立后，才取缔了这一带的“黑市”。

在莫愁路中段，能见到一座高大的石坊，里面保存有明初大典前的习仪场所——朝天宫遗址。

好了，各位游客朋友，我的讲解到此结束。祝愿大家游玩愉快.谢谢大家!

Today, my parents took me to Xiaoling scenic spot. Xiaoling of Ming Dynastyis the mausoleum of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Dynasty. Here is not onlybeautiful scenery, but also some historical knowledge, so every holiday, willgather many tourists.

Entering the gate of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the first thing that comes tomind is 2 sacred Dao. One is the stone road of the East and the west, and theother is 615 meters long. In the order of the road, six stone animals are lions,tiers, camels, elephants, Kirin and horses. The other is the Weng Chong Road,the Shinto road in the north and south direction, 250 meters long, two pairs ofWen _ and two pairs of Wen Chen on the pillar. The top of the column iscylindrical, and its body is carved with dragon patterns. The dignified anddignified generals are the loyal guardians of the mausoleum. Shinto is flankedby lush towering trees, each tree has a red canna. Twigs and leaves of the treetwists and turns into a Green Avenue.

At the Xiaoling Museum of the Ming Dynasty, I visited some unearthedcultural relics of the Ming Dynasty, including jades and ceramics. I also knewthat there were 16 emperors in the Ming Dynasty, three of whom had theircapitals in Nanjing for 53 years.

A stone turtle carries a large stone tablet on its back, which is engravedwith "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasties". This is the famous tablet hall. This isEmperor Kangxis praise for Zhu Yuanzhangs ruling the country more than that ofTang and Song dynasties. On both sides of the times are the imperial steles ofEmperor Qianlongs physical skills.

The hall of enjoyment is one of the main buildings in Xiaoling Mausoleum ofMing Dynasty, which is used to worship Zhu Yuanzhang, Empress and concubines.There are three floors, and there are stone dragons in four corners of eachfloor.

On the way home, the beautiful scenery of Ming Xiaoling isunforgettable.

各位游客。

在昨天的游程中，我为大家安排游览了中山陵、明孝陵、灵谷寺，总统府旧址等名胜古迹。

今天，我将带大家到秦淮河、夫子庙去游览。

秦淮河旅游区，位于南京老城区城南，从市区出发，坐汽车约需20分钟才能到达。

它是一个以夫子庙为中心，集游览、购物、品尝风味于一体，展示古城风貌和民族风情的旅游地。

【秦淮河的由来和历史变迁】

秦淮河，是一条曾对古城南京的政治、经济、文化发展起过重要作用的河流。

相传秦淮河是秦始皇下令开凿的一条人工运河。

秦始皇东巡会稽，经过南京时，为方便船只行驶，曾下令开凿方山，使淮水与长江沟通，因而这段河道得名“秦淮河”。

但据地质考察证明，秦淮河是一条历史悠久的天然河流，当时这条古老的河流确是曾从方山经过，但由于地理变迁，河流改道，逐渐形成了现在的河道。

历史上的秦淮河，河道宽绰。

自五代吴王杨行密在长干桥一带筑石头城以后，河道开始变窄，并被分隔成内、外“秦淮”。

内秦淮河由东水关人城，经夫子庙，再由水西门南的西水关出城与外秦淮河汇合。

河流全长10公里，这就是古往今来令无数文人墨客为之赞美倾倒、寻迹访踪的“十里秦淮”了。

唐朝大诗人李白、刘禹锡、杜牧等都曾为她写下诗篇，孔尚任的《桃花扇》和吴敬样的《儒林外史》中，也都对“十里秦淮”有过生动的描写。

古老的秦淮河与流经南京城北的长江相比，显得十分渺小，但是它与南京城的诞生、发展，以及南京地区的政治、经济、文化发展有着极其密切的关系。

早在五六千年前的新石器时代，这里已有人类繁衍生息。

迄今为止，沿河两岸发现的原始村落遗迹多达五六十处。

六朝和明初封建朝廷一直把它作为都城的一道天然屏障和皇宫所需的天然通道。

东吴孙权定都建业(南京)后，曾在秦淮河两岸作“栅塘”，既可御敌，又可防洪。

从六朝时起，夫子庙一带的秦淮河两岸已是居民密集、市井相连的繁华之地，秦淮河充当了南京地区对外贸易的主要航道，河中舟船穿梭，一派繁荣。

据说，旧时的秦淮河两岸歌楼酒肆林立，河房水阁争奇斗艳，游艇画防灯火通明，富豪贵族在这里过着寻欢作乐、纸醉金迷的生活，劳动人民，特别是广大妇女却是以泪洗面，饱尝了人间的辛酸。

那时南京的大多集中在秦淮河两岸。

清代戏剧家孔尚任在《桃花扇》中描写的不畏权贵的名妓李香君，她就居住在秦淮河南岸的文德桥畔。

美丽的秦淮河曾流淌过蛮荒时代的寂寞，六朝以来的繁华和奢靡，旧社会的污垢和劳动人民的血泪，甚至还溶有南京大屠杀的血腥。

然而，今天的秦淮河，经过了历史的沉淀和人民的改造，已散发着健康文明的馨香，展现了清澈动人的风姿。

它是南京历史的见证，难怪人们惯于把“秦淮”当作南京的代名词。

【秦淮画舫—伴池—夫子庙照壁—庙前广场—棂星门】

各位游客：现在我们来到了秦淮河畔，河中的画防都是仿照明代建筑风格制造的，船头挂有大红彩球和红灯笼。

每当元宵节南京人习惯来这里游玩赏灯。

这种风气在明代就已盛行，据说明朝建都后，朱元津微服巡察京城。

当他来到秦淮河畔，看到两岸绿树成荫，河水清澈，亭台楼阁，风景宜人，随口说了句：“惜河中缺游船。

”皇帝开了金口，左右就连夜差人赶造画舫，以博取皇帝欢心。

从此，秦淮画访成了这里的一大特色。

尤其到了中秋佳节时分，更是河上水灯万盏齐放，两岸龙灯飞舞，歌声、鼓声、欢声、笑声，连绵不绝，通宵达旦，真可谓“秦淮灯火甲天下”。

难怪南京有“家家走桥，人人看灯”的民谚。

我们眼前的这段秦淮河，自宋以后就成了夫子庙(孔庙)成泮池，又称月牙他。

古时候皇帝讲学的学宫叫辟雍，诸侯讲学成学宫叫泮宫，夫子庙的学宫相当于诸侯讲学的地方，所以这池称“泮池”夫子庙导游词夫子庙导游词。

泮池上一般建有三座石桥，按等级而论，县官、学官走中间一座，秀才走两边的桥。

相传古时候有位秀才误上中桥，有犯上作乱之罪，进退两难，只好自己跳进了泮池。

再请各位看河对岸的一段朱红色石砖墙，这就是夫子庙的照壁。

照壁建于明万历三年(历泽年)，长达110米，为全们照壁之冠。

各位游客：这座夫子庙始建于东晋成帝咸康三年(337年)，当时成帝采纳了王导的建议：“治国以培育人才为重”，决定立大学于秦淮河畔。

原来只建有学宫，孔庙是宋仁宗景拍元年(1034年)在学富基础上扩建而成的。

所以夫子庙是一个由文教中心演变而成的繁华闹市，它包括夫子庙、学宫和贡院三大主要建筑群，其范围南临秦淮河北岸，北抵建康路东端，东起姚家巷，西止四福巷，规模庞大。

夫子庙虽屡遭破坏，但各代都加以兴修扩建，到清末民初，其楼阁、殿宇的结构和布局堪称东南之冠。

现在的夫子庙建筑，～部分是清代末年重建的，一部分是近几年重建的。

请大家回头看，这座楼阁式建筑，叫做奎星阁，它初建于清乾隆年间。

这座临街傍水的建筑曾两次被毁，1985年重建。

现在我们来到了清代开辟的庙前广场，广场东西两端竖有两块碑，高有一丈许，上面刻有满汉两种文字“文武大臣至此下马”，表示对圣人孔子的崇敬。

左侧的这座六角重檐亭子叫“聚星亭”，“聚星”取群星集中，人才荟萃之意。

建于明万历十四年(1586年)，也曾几经兴废，到清同治八年(1869年)才由江宁乡贤朱芙峰等人筹资重建。

这是一座在日军炮火中惟一幸存的清代建筑，可惜在1968年被当作“四旧”拆除，1983年又得以重建，恢复了原来的风貌。

广场正中的这座牌坊，叫“天下文枢坊”。

请大家继续随我往前走。

这座门叫棂星门，这是孔庙的庙门。

据传榻星是天上主管教化的星宿，他得人方便高兴。

门是石结构的，六柱三门，建于明成化十六年(1480年)，后来被毁，又于清同治九年(1870年)重建。

不过，现在所见到的极星门是1983年再次重建的夫子庙。

极星门东西两侧便是东市、西市。

【大成门—大成殿—学宫】

各位游客：走过棂星门，便是孔庙的正门，叫大成门，也叫戟门。

门内侧有石碑四块。

第一块是《孔子问礼图碑》，刻于南朝齐永明二年(484年)。

记载了春秋末年奴隶制衰亡之际，孔子出于对周王朝礼乐制度的崇拜，抱着兴国安邦、济世访贤的愿望，于鲁昭公二十四年(公元前518年)，从家乡曲阜去周王城洛阳考察典章制度，寻求巩固鲁国奴隶主政权办法的经历。

碑的上半部有“孔子问礼图，吴敬恒题”的题字。

图中是二人驾车，一组身穿古装人物在城门前欢迎的场面，还有“永明二年，孔子在鲁人周门礼周流”的字样。

这块碑已有1500多年的历史了，图文仍清晰可辨，是难得的珍贵文物。

第二块碑是《集庆孔庙碑》，碑文是元朝至大二年(1309年)重建孔庙时由卢挚撰写的，到元至顺元年(1330年)，由纯斋王公书写刻石。

第三块碑是《封四氏碑》，讲的是元至顺二年，文宗皇帝诏示：加封颜回、曾参(孔子的两个弟子)、孔极(孔子的孙子)、孟轲(孔子的再传弟子)为四亚圣之事。

第四块碑是《封至圣夫人碑》，讲的是元至顺二年(1331年)，文宗皇帝颁旨加封孔子之妻为至圣夫人之事。

庙院两侧是碑廊(原来是供奉孔门七十二贤人牌位的地方)，廊内陈列了当代书法名家的碑刻30块。

现在，请大家随我从中间的石雨道走。

在进大成殿前，我先给大家介绍一下殿前的这个露天台子，这是祭祀和歌舞的地方。

古时每年二月、八月的第一个丁日和孔子诞辰这一天(农历八月二十七日)，地方官吏都要在孔庙举行盛大的祭扫活动。

祭祀采用的是酉周奴隶主祭天地鬼神的礼仪，在大成殿前摆上仿青铜器做的祭器，上供牛2头、猪16头、羊16头，以及大量布帛菽粟、干鲜果品、香纸蜡烛等。

主祭人要穿特制的古装祭服，宣读祭文，向孔子及“四配”(孔子高徒)、“十二哲”(孔家子弟)牌位行三拜九叩礼，还配有乐队和舞队表演，以歌颂孔子，所以大成殿前要设舞台。

现在请各位游客随我进人孔庙主殿——大成殿。

这是一座气势巍峨，重檐庑殿顶，屋脊中央有双龙戏珠立雕的建筑。

这种规格的建筑在全国也是屈指可数的。

“大成”意思是孔子集古圣先贤思想之大成。

大成殿内原先正中供奉的是孔子和他的四位高徒，两旁是孔家子弟塑像十二尊。

现在的大成殿已被辟为“南京乡土文化博物馆”。

请大家再往前走，这里便是夫子庙的学宫。

门楣上方原来有“学宫”匾额，门外柏木牌坊，牌坊上题有“东南第一学”。

牌坊的北面是四周围有木栏的花圃，左右有四书斋，是学子自修读书的地方。

这四斋名称分别是“志道”、“据德”、“依仁”、“游艺”。

后面是明德堂，这座建筑建于南宋绍兴九年(1139年)，堂名为文天祥所书。

明德堂是学子集会的地方，每月朔望(农历初一和十五)朝圣后，学子在此集会，训导师宣讲圣教和上谕。

东墙有“卧碑”，就是训教的法规。

左右横梁上悬挂着江宁府所属六县举贡员生题额。

我们眼前的这座建筑是梨香阁，原来是祭祀孔子父母的崇圣祠，现改为游乐场了。

东面那座建筑是青云楼，它建于明万历十四年(1586年)，是供把历代督学使的祠堂，初建时为三层楼，因为临近贡院，为防止有人从楼上偷看贡院，清代时改建成二层楼，上层用作藏书，下层是阅览室。

清末废除科举后，改为小学，民国初年改为江宁县教育会，抗战时被用作开茶馆、歌场，战后曾先后作为民众教育馆和南京市通志馆夫子庙导游词导游。

这也是旧学宫保留下来的为数不多的建筑之一。

各位游客：参观完学宫建筑后，我们再去参观一下夫子庙的另一座古建筑群——贡院。

【贡院街—贡院—明远楼】

现在我们所站的地方便是贡院街，那条与贡院街相交的南北向街道就是贡院西街，贡院街北面就是古代时南京规模庞大的考试场——贡院。

贡院建于南宋乾道四年(1168年)，是县府考试场所。

明太祖朱元津定都南京后，这里成了乡试、会试场所。

明永一乐十九年(1421年)迁都北京，但南京仍作为陪都，加上江南又是人文基本之地，考试仍在这里按期举行。

明成祖继续派人建造江南贡院，明清两代对贡院不断扩建，到清光绪时，贡院规模之大，已成为当时23个行省的贡院之最。

对此，我只要告诉大家一个数字，你就可想而知了——到清代同治年间，已建供考试用的“号舍”有20644间，且还不包括司考官员、职司人员的办公住宿用房。

可惜现存贡院建筑已屈指可数，明远楼就是保存下来的贡院建筑之一，而其他大部分已被辟为市场。

现在，我们所见的这座三层建筑，就是明远楼了。

楼呈四方形，四面设窗，地处贡院中心，在此可以监视考生和贡院内执役人员。

“明远”的意思就是“慎终追远、明德归原”，封建王朝教育士子以“孝梯忠义”为立身之本。

考生考完后，“金榜”就张贴在前面的贡院街

清末废除科举后，贡院也随之失去了原来的作用。

1919年除留下明远楼和一部分号舍建筑用以陈列历史文物外，其余一并拆除，辟为市场。

明远楼下的《金陵贡院遗迹碑》详细地记载了这一史实。

各位游客：关于夫子庙我就介绍到这里。

如果大家有兴趣的话，可以去逛一下夫子庙的东市、西市，同时也可选购一些喜爱的工艺品和旅游纪念品，还可以去西街一带品尝夫子庙的风味小吃，夫子庙可谓是全国闻名的小吃荟萃之地。

Dear tourists, the scenic spot we are going to visit is the Ming XiaolingMausoleum, which is located in Dulong, Mt. Zijin. Xiaoling Tomb of the MingDynasty is the joint Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, andhis Empress Ma Shi. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a poor peasant family inFengyang, Anhui Province. He joined Huangjue temple at the age of 17, joined thered scarf army of Guo Zixing at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1352, led thearmy to conquer Nanjing in 1356, and ascended the throne in 1368.

Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty was built in 1381. In 1382, it wasburied in empress Ma Shi. In 1398, it was buried here after Zhu Yuanzhang diedof illness. The project was not completed until 1413. It was named Xiaolingbecause Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the world with filial piety" on theone hand, and because empress Ma was posthumously named "Xiaoci" on the other.Therefore, the tomb was called "Xiaoling" in the Ming Dynasty and "Xiaoling" inthe Qing Dynasty to show the difference between dynasties.

Relying on Zijin Mountain, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has a windingShinto. The mausoleum abides by the tradition of Chinese architecture, and itscentral axis is symmetrical. It is the first Mausoleum of Baocheng Baoding. Themausoleum shape of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty is the firstMausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 600 years. As a nationalkey cultural relic protection unit, it was listed in the world cultural heritagelist in 20__.

What we see now is the first gate of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, dajinmen.In those days, a 45 Li external wall extended from both sides of dajinmen,including the whole Zijinshan.

The roof and gate of the old golden gate, which was covered with yellowglazed tiles, have disappeared. Only the castle and the three arches.

Over the golden gate, we came to Sifang city. It turned out to be a stelePavilion. Because the top of the pavilion was destroyed by the war in XianfengPeriod of Qing Dynasty, only four walls and four door tickets were left. Eachside is 26.86 meters long, just like an ancient castle. So Nanjing peoplecommonly call it Sifang city. There is a tablet of "the miraculous work of theXiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty" in the city, which is 6.7 meters highIts 2.08 meters high and called Mian. Its said that its one of the nine sonsof the dragon. Its very heavy. This tablet is the largest Ming tablet inNanjing. The inscription is written by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.It has 2746 words and is divided into seven parts. First, it describes his lifeexperience and was born in Jurong family. Second, it asks for the peoplesorders and makes a great fortune. Third, it calms down the world, ascends thethrone and becomes emperor, cezhonggong and the crown prince, and is granted thesame surname. Fourth, it abolishes Zhongshu and sets up six departments to takecharge of military power. Fifth, it attaches importance to talents and the studyof founding a nation; 6、 He lived a simple life, and asked him to be buried withMa after his death in Xiaoling; 7. The name of 57 royal children and 144 fourcharacter eulogies, the inscription is a high praise of Zhu Yuanzhangs life.The completion of the monument of the great Ming Xiaoling was in 1413, whichmarks the end of the Ming Xiaoling project. Behind Zhu Dis great contributionto Zhu Yuanzhang, in fact, he built up his own prestige in Dashu, so as to showthe legitimacy of inheriting the throne. He originally sent tens of thousands ofmigrant workers to chisel a huge stele in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. If thecap, body and base of the stele were 72 meters high, they were too huge tocarry, so they were abandoned.

After passing the Yuhe bridge, we come to the Shinto of the XiaolingMausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The Shinto is divided into two sections. Thefirst section is Shixiang road. On both sides of the road, there are six kindsof Stone Beasts, four in each group, standing on both sides and squatting onboth sides. Kirin is the king of animals, symbolizing the majesty of kings, andChina _ s legendary law beast, symbolizing the integrity of kings; camels arethe boats of the desert, showing the vast territory of Ming Dynasty and thetranquility of the western regions of the country; the elephant is a symbol ofthe country and the people, and the people are obedient; the unicorn is a kindof monster of Chinese mythology and legend, symbolizing the benevolence of theemperor. The last animal to see is a horse, which symbolizes loyalty to theemperor. The main purpose of placing these stone beasts on both sides of theShinto is to record Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements, to show the prosperity of theMing Dynasty, and to pray for the suppression of demons and evil spirits.

Walking along the stone statue Road, the second section of Shinto,wengzhong Road, lies ahead. There is a pair of pillar at the intersection, whichis also called Huabiao. The Shinto standing in front of the mausoleum is alsocalled lingbiao. There is the function of indicating the road here. From here,Shinto begins to turn due north. On wengzhong Road, there were two pairs ofmilitary generals, who were wearing armor and holding a wat board in theirhands. They were burly, and two pairs of civil ministers, who were wearing courtclothes and holding wat boards in their hands, were solemn. They are a pair ofyoung people and a pair of middle-aged people respectively, which indicates thatthere are successors in Daming. At the end of the Shinto Road, there is aLingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The original gate was destroyedin the war in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now the Lingxing gate isrestored in 20__ according to historical data. This is the ceremonial gate forvisiting the mausoleum.

On the east side of Shixiang Road, there is a hill called Meihua Mountain.Shinto turns a bend around Meihua Mountain. It turns out that this mountain wasthe mausoleum of Sun Quan in the eastern Wu Dynasty. During the construction ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, someone suggested that thismausoleum should be removed. However, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Sun Quan is also ahero. Let me see the gate." so the Shinto curved and became the natural barrierof the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. Now it has become a famous plumappreciation base in Nanjing.

Now we see the Jinshui bridge. Behind the Jinshui bridge is the mausoleumbuilding of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. There were five Jinshui bridgesfacing the five gates of the mausoleum palace, which were destroyed by the warin Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Only three of them were restored in QingDynasty. We can see that the stone carvings on the bridge deck and bridgefoundation are still relics of Ming Dynasty, and the bridge railings wererebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Starting from here, the building is in accordance withChinese tradition, with the north facing south and the central axissymmetrical.

Up the slope, the first thing we see is the square gate of Wenwu, which isthe gate of the mausoleum palace. Its yellow tile, red door and red wall set offeach other, showing the royal style. This gate was rebuilt in 1988 according tohistorical materials. In front of the gate, on the east side of the wall, thereis a special notice tablet, which was erected in the first year of Xuantong. Itis written in the characters of Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Britain andRussia. The content is to warn visitors to protect Xiaoling.

Entering the Wenwu square gate, we come to the Beidian. The Beidian wasoriginally the gate in front of the Xiaoling hall. Because the gate wasdestroyed in the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the destroyed gate wasrebuilt into a Beidian in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are fiveinscriptions in the hall. In the middle of the five inscriptions, "Zhilong Tangand Song Dynasty" is inscribed in the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi, which meansthat Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements in governing the country surpass those ofEmperor Taizong Li Shimin and Emperor Songtai in the Tang Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin.Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admirationfor Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and on the other hand, he had his own goodintentions. At the beginning of the reign of Kangxi, the Han people did notaccept the Manchu rule. Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on theManchus high pressure policy alone, but also on the Han people. He visitedXiaoling of Ming Dynasty six times and five times in his life. He knelt downthree times and kowtowed nine times. In 1699, when he visited Xiaoling of MingDynasty for the third time, he wrote "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" to win thehearts of the people. Next to them are two steles inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he visited the mausoleum. There are also two lying steles on the back,which respectively record the first and third visits to Taizu mausoleum duringEmperor Kangxis southern tour. There are records written by Tao Dai, governorof Liangjiang and Cao Yin, weaving doctor in Jiangnan.

This building is the former site of Xiaoling hall, which is the mainbuilding of Xiaoling. You can see the three-story xumizuo platform base of theoriginal white marble. The platform base is three meters high. The four cornersof the three-story platform base are still left with stone carved head. Thereare three steps around the platform base. Its the middle of the road. On thethird floor of xumizuo is the hall of enjoyment, which is dedicated to ZhuYuanzhang and empress ma. The original palace was destroyed by the war inXianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now we can see 56 huge stone pillars on theplatform foundation, each with a diameter of 0.91 meters. Its easy to imaginehow spectacular the hall was at that time. At that time, the hall of Xiaolingwas nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves, covered with yellowglazed tiles and a bucket arch overhanging eaves. The scale of Xiaoling was muchlarger than that of Changling Hall of Ming Chengzu in Beijing. What we see nowis the three Bay small hall restored during the reign of Tongzhi in the QingDynasty, which is not as large as before.

Passing through the inner red gate and the Shengxian bridge, the buildingin front of you is Fangcheng. Fangcheng is a huge building in front of Baoding.The outside is made of big stones and huge bricks. There are eight characterwalls on the East and west sides of Fangcheng. The four corners of the wall aredecorated with brick carvings. These brick carvings are representative works ofthe early Ming Dynasty. Passing through the 54th level corridor in the center ofFangcheng, you can see the south wall of Baocheng. On the front of the wall, youcan see that it is built with 13 layers of stones. It is said that the sevencharacters were engraved in the early years of the Republic of China to answervisitors questions.

From the East-West corridor between Baocheng and Fangcheng, you can climbto the minglou. It was originally a beautiful building with double eaves andyellow glazed tiles. It was destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdomin the Qing Dynasty. Only four walls are left. In 20__, the minglou protectionproject was completed, and it has been restored. In July 20__, the minglou wasofficially opened to tourists, showing the distribution of Ming Dynasty in ChinaThere are 19 mausoleums of emperors in China.

Behind the Fangcheng is Baoding, which is a large round mound with adiameter of 325-400m. On the top of the mound are towering trees, and below itis the palace where empress Ma of Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. Baocheng is a brickcity with a circumference of 1100 meters around Baoding. The imperial mausoleumin Baoding of Baocheng city is the first mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynastiesfor more than 500 years. Its just that the Ming Dynastys top is roughly round,while the Qing Dynastys Mausoleums top is oval.

Today, the east side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty haspreserved the site of the Dongling Mausoleum of Zhu Biao, Prince of the MingDynasty.

In ancient China, the imperial mausoleum was originally built in Fangshangof Qin and Han Dynasties. The representative mausoleum was Qinshihuang Mausoleumin Shaanxi Province. In Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the mausoleum near themountain. The representative mausoleum included Tang Qianling Mausoleum of LiZhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian of Shaanxi Province.In Song Dynasty, the imperial mausoleum was built in Fangshang of relativelysmall scale. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the mausoleum form ofBaocheng Baoding mausoleum and former dynasty and later Dynasty mausoleum.

The Ming Dynasty established its capital in 1368 and perished in 1644.There were 16 emperors before and after it. Except for the Ming XiaolingMausoleum in Nanjing, the rest of the mausoleums were in Beijing. Only JianwenEmperor Zhu Yunwen had no mausoleum. Many tombs of the Ming Dynasty have left uscountless places to watch.

As the remains of Chinese culture, ancient Chinese mausoleums have leftimportant material materials for later generations to study and understandancient Chinese economy and culture. Dear tourist friends, todays visit iscoming to an end. Thank you for your cooperation in my tour guide work. Welcometo visit Ming Xiaoling again!

各位游客你们好!欢迎大家来周庄游览。

在我们进入古镇主要景点之前，我先把周庄的情况简要介绍一下。

周庄地处苏州昆山市、吴江市、上海的青浦县三县市交界之处，东面不远就是有名的淀山湖，从这里乘汽车到上海的大观园只需要十几分钟。所以有人说：“周庄是淀山湖畔的一颗明珠。”

周庄，是一个有着九百多年历史的江南水乡古镇，它以悠远的传统，淳朴的民风，古老的建筑，清澄的河水和充满传奇色彩的人物，成为一片极有诱惑力的旅游胜地。著名古建筑专家罗哲文说;“周庄不仅是江苏省的一个宝，而且是国家的一个宝。”中国台湾经纬杂志盛赞周庄是“中国第一水乡”。还有不少人在游览了周庄之后，这样说道：“上有天堂，下有苏杭，中间还有一个周庄。”大家为周庄保存着如此众多的明清建筑而赞叹，为“小桥、流水、人家”的精美格局而眩惑，为处处可画、时时有诗的风情而陶醉，觉得周庄是无法重造的美丽水乡。

走到贞丰泽国牌坊前〕这里是石牌楼，巍然矗峙在这新老镇区的交界处，是古镇周庄的象征，上面镌刻有“贞丰泽国”四个字，为著名书法家沈鹏所写。“贞丰”是指周庄的原名为贞丰里，北宋元佑元年(1086年)，有一位姓周的迪功郎因信奉佛教，将两百亩庄田捐给当地的全福寺作为庙田，老百姓感其恩德，把贞丰里改为周庄。“泽国”是指四周环水的地方。坊柱上的一副对联，上联是“贞坚不贰攀日康庄有道路”，下联是“丰衣足食向阳桃李自逢时”，意思是说我们周庄人民在改革开放的大潮中走上了康庄大道，生活越来越富裕了。

大家跨过石牌楼就进入古镇区了，请回头再看，这里还有一幅对联：“万顷碧波水光潋滟晴方好;百尺临云塔影横斜景亦奇。”这是著名记者冯英子题写的。横额上书“唐风孑遗”。意思是在周庄，古代优秀的民族文化、古风遗韵还能看到一些。这是著名书法家费新我老先生在晚年高龄的时候用左手题写的，左下角还有他的落款呢!大家可以仔细辨认一下，是“新我左笔”四个字。这石牌楼和马路两旁飞檐翘角、黛瓦粉墙的房屋，以及高高耸立的古塔，构成了一个古建筑群，许多人都喜欢在这里留影，回头大家也可以在这里留个影。

〔边走边导游〕前面呢，有一座醒目的汉白玉照壁，它是为纪念古镇九百周年而建立的。它艺术地勾勒出了周庄悠久的历史。抬头看去，拱桥驳岸，风火墙和蠡窗黛瓦，无不给人以浓重的历史感。

周庄，是典型的江南水乡，有人把它比作“威尼斯”。四条河道交叉形成“井”字型将古镇分割，形成8条街道，15座各式小桥彩虹般横跨在“井”字型的河道上，给周庄增添了风采。镇上大部分居民住宅都临港背河。过街骑楼、临河水阁、(水墙门、长驳岸、河埠廊坊、穿竹石栏、水巷幽弄、深宅大院，处处显露出古朴幽雅，是中国水乡古镇风貌的“活化石”。吴冠中教授游览了周庄后说：“黄山集中国山川之美，周庄集中国水乡之美。”

前面有一座古桥，叫太平桥，建于清代。展现在大家眼前的是一幅动人的江南风情画，在沈厅的展览室里，可以看到日本著名女画家桥本心泉以它为主要背景的一幅名为《周庄的某一天》的油画。

这一条古街俗称一步街，因为它很窄，一步就可以跨过，街道两旁开店的店主不用走出店门，就可以互相握手或递东西表示友谊，所以又称友谊街。上面还有一线天，中间是过街楼、这种建筑在大城市里是很少见的，在周庄却有许多。

〔在双桥前停下来〕现在，我们已经来到了双桥，游览周庄双桥是不能不看的。大家看，这桥面一横一坚，桥洞一方一圆，样子很像是古时候人们使用的钥匙，所以当地人便称之为“钥匙桥”。这两座桥始建于明万历年间(1573～1620xx年)。这座石拱桥叫世德桥，横跨南北市河，长16米、宽3米、跨度5.9米。这座石梁桥叫永安桥，平架在银子浜口，长13.3米、宽2.4米、跨度3.5米。双桥最能体现古镇的神韵，等一会大家可以在这里拍照留念。双桥为什么会这么出名呢?那是1984年春天，上海著名旅美画家陈逸飞乘坐小船来到周庄，看到了双桥，觉得自己仿佛回到了记忆中的童年。于是，就以双桥为背景，创作了一幅题名为《故乡的回忆》的油画。后来这幅油画连同他的37幅作品一起在以美国西方石油公司董事长阿曼德.哈默名字命名的哈默画廊中展出。这幅画在当时引起了很大的轰动，后来，被阿曼德.哈默用高价购藏。同年十一月份，哈默先生在访问中国的时候，将这幅油画送给了邓小平。1985年，这幅画又经过陈逸飞的加工成为当时联合国首日封的图案，深受集邮爱好者和各界人士的青睐。经新闻媒体宣传，周庄古镇声名鹊起。陈逸飞的画使默默无闻的双桥走向了世界。钥匙桥不是钥匙胜过钥匙，因为它开启了周庄与国际交往的友谊之门。

〔过双桥〕各位游客，大家看，我们对面的一角，有小桥、流水、人家，这种景色，是我们周庄建筑内涵最丰富的一角。所以啊，不管是雨雪霏霏，还是赤日炎炎，喜欢画画的人都会在这里铺开画板，描绘着对岸的一景一物。我国的许多电影导演和演员，都把周庄作为最佳的外景地，先后在这里拍摄了《共和国不会忘记》、《聊斋志异》、《杨乃武与小白菜》、《济公游记》、《江南巨富沈万三》、《摇啊摇，摇到外婆桥》等数十部电影和电视剧。著名导演张艺谋说：“在周庄拍片子，很令人满意。”他追求的就是这种古宅的建 共4页,当前第1页1234

筑和幽深的水巷组成的文化氛围，这不是一时一日能制作出来的。

走到张厅〕现在，我们已经来到张厅，张厅是周庄仅存的少量明代建筑之一，为江苏省重点文物保护单位。张厅为明朝中山王徐达的弟弟徐孟清的后代所建。按理说徐家建的应叫徐厅，为什么叫张厅呢?那是在清朝初年的时候，徐家衰落了，就把这座房子卖给了一户姓张的人家，才被改名为张厅。让我们到张厅的正厅去看看。这儿是张厅的正厅“玉燕堂”。玉燕堂原名怡顺堂，早先门前有两棵玉兰树，春天一到，玉兰花开放，引来了许多燕子，燕子在屋檐下筑巢繁殖后代，被张厅的主人看见了，认为燕子和玉兰树给张厅带来了勃勃生机，于是就将怡顺堂改为玉燕堂。张厅的特点是“轿从门前进，船从家中过”。大厅的东侧，有一条幽暗深长的备弄，它的作用好像是现在大宾馆里的员工通道。请随我进去。

这儿就是“船自家中过”的地方。你们别看它窄窄的，可是它能通向外面的大湖。它有两个作用。一是张厅是一户大户人家，每天要消耗许多吃的、用的、穿的，都靠小船从这里运进运出。二是封建社会，时时会打仗，主人万一遇到什么不测，就可以坐着小船从这里逃生。我想各位一定想了解一些我们周庄风俗习惯吧!这儿我给大家介绍一下我们周庄的“阿婆茶”。“阿婆茶”就是一些上了年纪的老太太吃过午饭后闲在家没事干，就带上自己的小孙孙和一些自家腌制的酱瓜、菜苋等聚到一块儿，泡上一杯清淡的茶，一边品尝酱瓜什么的，一边谈天说地。有机会大家也可以去品尝一下。

〔出张厅，边走边讲〕各位游客，自从周庄的旅游事业发展以后，小商店日益增多，特别是旅游工艺品店，在这些商店里，有刺绣、雕刻、编织、字画、旅游食品等，繁荣了周庄的旅游市场，大家等会儿可以选购一些留作纪念。

(走到沈厅〕这里就是沈厅，为江南民居之最。沈厅是“七进五门楼”，它的七进可以分成三个部分，第一进是第一部分，是迎接客人的地方;第二、三、四进是沈厅的第二部分，是接待宾客的地方;第五、六、七进是第三部分，是沈家生活起居的地方。总之，这三部分可以用四个字来归纳：“前厅后堂”。好，下面我们进去看看沈厅。

这就是沈厅的第一进“水墙门”，以前水乡的主要交通工具都是船，所以这里是沈家的船码头，也是沈厅主人接送宾客的地方。

我们现在走进的沈厅的第二进“墙门楼”，又称旱墙门。是沈家办理婚丧大事、张灯结彩的地方，过路的人一看，不必进去，就知道今天沈家又有什么大事了。这里有一块沈厅的简介石碑，请大家先看一看吧!石碑旁有一段文字介绍，沈厅又名敬业堂。1995年，被列为江苏省文物保护单位。

这里就是沈厅的第三进了，叫茶厅。是船夫和轿夫喝茶的地方。因为在那时，船夫和轿夫是不能跟主人一块儿到里边去的。所以啊，这里的家具都很简陋。

我们已经来到了沈厅的第四进也就是沈厅的正厅松茂堂了。我们看这块匾上的“松茂堂”这三个字(，是清末状元张謇写的。这里是沈家主人招待贵宾的地方，所以这里的家具很讲究。沈厅一共有三帮建筑风格，在这里我们都能看见。请大家抬头看，屋梁上精美的雕刻有凤凰、仙鹤等。特别是这个图案，你们一定会说这是龙吧，嘿，这回你们可错了!龙，那时候就是天子的象征，沈厅是民居，所以就只能把它称作为“蟒”。这种雕刻属于“苏帮”艺术。这一进的屋顶有两层，我们现在看到的是下面一层，上面还有一个屋顶，这样的结构，可以起到防寒避暑的作用。我们再来看这个砖雕门楼，这是五个门楼中最宏伟的一个。上面的砖雕有《红楼梦》、《西厢记》中的情景。可惜的是在文化大革命中这些精美的砖雕都被破坏了，专家说已经很难修复，这些砖雕属于“徽帮”艺术。还有一帮是“绍帮”，那屋顶两旁的封火墙就是。松茂堂里边是沈家生活起居的地方，照以前的规矩我们是不能随便进去的。今天我们就破一次例，进去参观一下吧!沈厅是前厅后堂的建筑格局，我们已经来到了后堂，这里是大堂楼，现在是陈列室。请大家随便参观。

这就是沈厅的第六进，小堂楼。这尊塑像就是沈万三。沈万三是元末明初人，是一个富有传奇色彩的人物，号称江南第一大富豪。关于沈万三的富有，民间流传着很多说法。有人说：“沈万三有一只聚宝盆，金银财宝取之不尽，用之不竭。”也有人说：“沈万三左脚是金，右脚是银，凡是他走过的地方，都能挖到银子。”还有人说;“沈万三有点石成金的特殊本领。”这些呀，只不过是传说罢了。据专家考证：沈万三的富有有三个原因。一是靠躬耕起家的，院子里的这头牛就表明他是靠种田发财的。二是沈万三继承了人家的财产。第三也是最主要的一点，沈万三靠镇北边的那一条急水江和外国人做生意。他把江南一带的刺绣、丝绸卖给外国人，赚了大钱。用我们现在的话说就是做外贸。沈万三的富有不仅在我们江南一带数一数二的，而且在全国也很有名气。那时候朱元璋刚做上皇帝。由于连年打仗，没有多少钱，但是他又想在南京修城墙，怎么办呢?有一个大臣提议：“让富豪来承担这笔巨款。”于是，沈万三分到了建三分之一城墙的任务。当时沈万三想借这个机会来讨好朱元璋，便很爽快地拿出了许多钱。不久城墙修好了，而且修得很漂亮，沈万三心里很高兴，于是他想缟劳一下修城墙的士兵。谁知这件事情被朱元璋知道了，朱元璋本来就很眼红沈万三，这么一来他就找到借口了。朱元璋把沈万三抓了起来，说：“你要和我比富，还想收买军心，要夺我江山，这怎么了得。”于是就要把沈万三判死罪。多亏了那些文武百官出面求情，沈万三才免了一死，被发配到云南充军。沈万三的家人，杀头的杀头，坐牢的坐牢，家破人亡。他的家产也全部充公了。只有一个小孙子逃了出来，沈家才留下了一条根。我们现在看到的沈厅就是沈万三的后代沈本仁在乾隆七年时建造的。这塑像两旁的对联，上联是：甲万户起南浔周庄江南聚宝;下联是：称三秀居东宅客金陵浜东藏银。概括了沈万三的一生。

我们进去看看。

这里，就是沈厅的最后一进，第七进。是沈家吃饭的地方。桌子上摆的都是一些家常小菜，这中间的主菜是沈家特有的，叫万三蹄，它还是我们周庄的特产呢!现在商店里可以买到，大家可以买一只回去合家品尝品尝。人们都说：“万三蹄肥而不腻，酥而不烂”，真是席上珍品。隔壁是沈家的厨房。看，这个东西曾在《正大综艺》节目中登过场。大家也来猜猜，它是派什么用场的呢!不知道吧!这是挤甘蔗汁用的。这里还有许多以前用的器具。大家可以随意看看。

接下来请到楼上去看看。这里陈列有老爷房和小姐房。我们来看这只床，它叫千功床，它分三进有三个门帘。有许多精美的雕刻，让人看上去很复杂，可是整只床没有用一根钉子。到夏天时，天气炎热，可以把那些雕花板拆下来，里面就通风了。到了冬天，再可以装上去。那为什么叫它千功床呢?有二种说法：一说上面，许多栩栩如生的人物，是唐代李世民手下的开国功臣，为了缅怀那些大臣，就把他们刻在床上，所以称千功床。二说上面的精美图案，花了整整三年的时间才刻成，功夫太深，故称为千功床。其他的陈列物品，请大家随意看看。

这是沈厅的走马楼，所谓走马楼，就是楼道，绕着沈厅兜一圈。大家看，这儿有一块木板。我们从这里望下去，是我们刚才走过的松茂堂。平时，木板都是关着的。封建社会，女的是不能随便见客人的，所以就设计这么一个可以开、关的窗，逢到有客人来，女的就可以掀开一条缝偷偷地看了。古代小姐就是在这里看自己的未来丈夫的。好，请大家跟我走。这里呢，就是沈家逢年过节请戏班子唱戏的地方，这两边可以坐人。如果好好装饰一下的话，那可真是一个很不错的小舞台。到了此处，沈厅我们已参观完了。那么，沈厅的价值究竟在哪里呢?对!沈厅的价值就在于它不是官宅，而是民居。民居能有这么大的规模，而且保存了二百多年，这在江南一带是极罕见的。

〔出沈厅，到富安桥〕大家请看，展现在我们眼前的这座桥叫富安桥。它始建于公元1355年，明成化十四年(1478年)、嘉靖年间(1522～1566年)两次重修，为单孔拱桥。桥长17.4米，宽3.8米，跨度6.6米。清咸丰五年(1855年)重修，桥面改成花岗石，东西有级梯，中间为平面，刻有浮雕图案，桥身四角有桥楼，临波拔起，遥遥相对。据说沈万三的弟弟沈万四，因不愿重蹈其哥哥与朱元璋作对最终被发配充军的覆辙，主动捐钱为乡里做好事，曾捐钱修建过富安桥。富安桥的名字，就是表达了他富了以后祈求安康的心愿。

〔边走边导游〕各位游客，这儿还有穿竹石栏，很有特色，所以许多电影导演也都喜欢在这里拍镜头，像电视剧《柳亚子》、《江南巨富沈万三》等，一些片断都是在这儿拍的。

看，这条市河以前是我们周庄的菜市场。水乡人家，买菜也是在水上进行的。每天早晨，河道上挤满了小船，船上装着鲜鱼、蔬菜等。小贩们一边摇船，一边叫卖，两岸的居民听到以后，纷纷到河埠上来买菜，有些住在楼上的人，懒得下来，就直接从楼上放下一只篮子，篮子里面放着钱，小贩只要把菜放到篮子里，这样一笔生意就成交了。

〔叶楚伧故居门前〕这里面是国民党元老叶楚伧的故居。叶楚伧小名小凤，是著名的南社诗人，曾经担任过国民党江苏省政府秘书长，我们周庄有一段时间曾被改名为楚伧镇!

叶楚伧出生贫寒，长大后虽然做了“大官”，可仍然处处注意节约。一次他到老朋友沈仲眉家去，沈仲眉问他吃什么?他只点了一只糟烧螺蛳头肉，螺蛳在水乡是极便宜的，这也是他童年时代家里最好的菜了，他认为这菜有乡土风味，且价廉物美。吃完饭，沈家的女佣王妈给他绞上一把毛巾，他连忙说：“不敢当，不敢当!您老人家替我绞毛巾，真是过意不去，应该让我们年轻人给您绞毛巾才对。”王妈很受感动，她说：“这个‘叶老爷’虽然官做得大，却没有一点官架子，真是少有的好人。”叶楚伧的作品很多，有《楚伧诗存》、《世微堂文集》等。1946年叶楚伧在上海病逝。故居陈列了叶楚伧的生平家世、著作和有关他的照片、回忆文章。请大家进去参观一下。

〔全福讲寺〕各位游客，这里是全福讲寺，矗立在南湖园中，殿宇轩昂，飞檐高翘，欢迎四方游人。相传宋元佑元年(1086年)，周边功郎舍宅为寺，在白蚬湖畔建全福寺。历代不断扩建，梵宫重叠，楼阁峥嵘，碧水环绕，香火鼎盛，成为江南一带以经忏为主的名寺。寺内有一口巨钟，重三千斤，悬于大雄宝殿左侧。每当破晓时分，寺内有和尚撞钟，钟声宏亮，传到数十里外。人们把它当作报晓的鸡啼，闻声纷纷起床，下田耕作。久而久之，“全福晓钟”成为周庄人景中的重要一景。

昔日的全福讲寺共有五进，主体建筑大雄宝殿，殿宇雄伟轩敞。高达三丈徐的如来大佛巍然盘漆而坐，宽阔的巨佛手掌心中足可卧伏一人，这样高大的佛身，在江南一带的各大寺院中绝无仅有。据《周庄镇志》记载，如来大佛本苏州虎丘海涌峰云岩寺世尊像，清顺治五年(1648年)，都督杨承祖兵驻白蚬湖边，迎于寺内，如来大佛的左右，仁立着文殊、普贤佛像，同样十分高大。两侧的十八罗汉神态各异，栩栩如生。清初，书法家李仙根寻访全福讲寺，见寺院与湖光水色交相辉映，相得益彰，挥毫写“水中佛国”四个大字，制成匾额悬于山门之上，给全福讲寺增添了光彩。

全福讲寺九百年来香火鼎盛，成为周庄繁荣发展的一个象征。然而，这座堪与杭州灵隐寺媲美的寺院，却在50年代初期被迫改作粮库，寺内所有的佛像、经卷和珍藏不知去向，历史悠久的古寺毁于一旦，这不能不说是周庄的一大损失。

90年代后，周庄镇建造南湖园。作为主体工程的全福讲寺，也于1995年3月18日破土动工。经过三百个日夜的紧张施工，移址在南湖的全福讲寺，以崭新的面貌呈现在人们面前。新建的全福讲寺，主要建筑包括山门、指归阁、大雄宝殿和藏经楼等。

山门耸峙在南湖岸边，门前湖光潋滟，水埠码头平卧碧波，游人和香客可以乘船进南湖沿石阶登岸，别有情趣。进入山门，只见一座五孔石拱桥飞跨在荷花池上，桥上石栏相扶。驻足桥上，可以欣赏荷池中的红嶂翠盖，也可以回眸南湖，尽情地观看旖旎的湖景。

过拱桥，前面就是重檐复宇、气势庄严的指归阁。在此登楼，居高临下，远近的景色尽收眼底。南湖中养鱼的网箱簖栏，以铅灰色的线条，分割着万顷波光。寺院内的亭台楼阁，错落有致，钟楼、鼓楼矗立两侧，互为映衬，使寺院愈加气象雄伟。

第三进，即是主体建筑大雄宝殿。飞檐翘角，雄伟而不失精美。“佛光普照”四个大字在高达18米的屋脊间熠熠闪光。镶嵌于两边的梅、兰、竹、菊砖雕构图别致，精细秀逸。缓步进人殿堂，只见大殿中央供着佛祖释迦牟尼的铜坐像，高5米重3吨。释迦牟尼两侧，是骑跨在雄狮上的文殊和骑跨在大象上的普贤。殿后塑有飘海观音像，屹立在鳌鱼之背，衣袂飘动。大殿两旁的十八尊罗汉像，也各具神态，栩栩如生。整座大雄宝殿，神光闪耀，祥云缭绕，置身其间，足以感受到佛教文化氛围。

经台由婉蜒曲折的花廊环抱，经台中央矗立着三层宝殿，终日香烟缭绕。四周的荷花座石雕栏杆上，镌刻着吉祥云纹。经台下的池水与曲径花廊下的流水相连，有锦鳞嬉游，富有诗情画意。

大雄宝殿后，是三层高的藏经楼。殿堂宽敞，装饰精美。楼内荟萃诸多佛教文化的精品。藏经楼两侧是大斋堂和方丈室，遥相呼应。

周庄修复全福讲寺，借水布景，巧夺天工，融佛教文化、建筑艺术和园林景色于一体，既为佛教文化爱好者和宗教信仰者提供了一个理想的场所，也为旅游者提供了一个流连忘返的好去处。

〔出全福讲寺〕大家看对面的那座小茶楼就是三毛茶楼，它是为了纪念中国台湾女作家三毛而建的。1989年，三毛在烟雨朦胧之中来到了我们周庄，她看到周庄小桥、流水、人家的迷人风光，不禁感慨地说道：“啊这不正是我魂牵梦绕的故土吗?”三毛激动地流下了眼泪。三毛回到中国台湾后还经常来信，说还要尝尝周庄的大闸蟹，很可惜她再也没能实现这个愿望。周庄人民为了纪念她，将这座古宅改称三毛茶楼。茶楼中除了陈列了三毛的照片、手迹、书信外，还陈列了中外大批文人学者游访周庄的照片。

〔边走边导游〕前面就是迷楼了。大家看，这儿有一座古桥，它叫“贞丰桥”。“贞丰桥”这个名字，不用我说大家也都知道，它是因为周庄的原名而起的。桥边的那座小楼就是有名的“迷楼”。迷楼以前是一家小酒楼，叫“德记”酒楼。它怎么会出名呢?原来清朝末年，有一些进步的文化青年成立了一个团体，叫《南社》。那时南社成员柳亚子、陈去病、王大觉等人都喜欢在这酒楼里喝酒吟诗，他们还以酒楼为题，写下了许多著名诗篇。后这些诗篇被编成了《迷楼集》，随即迷楼的名气也就传开了。

那“迷楼”为什么被称为“迷楼”呢?原来南社成员们在酒楼上饮酒作诗，他们觉得小酒楼的一切都非常迷人，菜很迷人，酒很迷人，周围的环境也很迷人。因此，他们就风趣地把酒楼称为“迷楼”。他们把酒楼叫作“迷楼”还有一个用意，就是转移反动派的视线。

好，我们就到迷楼里面去看看。迷楼为临河修筑的两层小楼。楼内陈列着南社成员的照片、手迹、著作和书画作品，以及当代书法家书写的《迷楼集》中的诗句。二楼的东侧，是一组人物蜡像，展现的正是“小楼暂饮夜传杯”的情景，可谓如闻其声，如见其人。迷楼向游客开放以后，接待了许多南社成员的后裔，他们热情地向迷楼提供图片资料和实物，还积极参加南社研究，小小的迷楼，引起国内外诸多人士的注目。

〔继续向前走〕这里是澄虚道院，又称“圣堂”，创建于宋元佑年间(1086～1096年)，距今已有九百余年历史。明代中叶以后，道院规模日趋宏大。嘉靖年间，当地人玉壁捐资增建了仪门。清康熙二十五年，道士胡天羽化缘募捐建玉皇阁。五年后，又在阁西建造了文昌阁，清乾隆十六年，道士蒋南记在山门外建造圣帝阁，楼阁面临普庆桥，形成了前后三进的建筑群，气宇轩昂，占地1500平方米，成为吴中著名的道院之一。澄虚道院不但保存着丰富的宗教文化遗产，而且具有优越的地理位置和水乡风光，也使道院的游人香客流连忘返。

各位游客，我的导游到此结束了。如果有时间，各位可以在古镇里随便走走看看。在这临别之际，让我再一次感谢大家的光临。同时，还请您把周庄的祝福带给您的家人和朋友。祝大家在周庄旅游愉快，吉祥如意!

在夫子庙的东边有座江南贡院，是当年科举考试场所，也是我国古代最大的科举考试的遗。科举制度发源于隋唐时期，当时有号20644间。科举考试分为院试、乡试、会试、殿试四个等级。在院试中考中的是生员，也就是“秀才”，秀才参加第二级考试“乡试”，考中的人称“举人”，举人参加第三级考试“会试”，会试考中是“贡士”，贡士有资格参加最高一级的考试“殿试”，由皇帝主考，第一名是状元，第二名是榜眼，第三名是探花。

在夫子庙周围还有一些著名的景点，东晋书法家王献之迎接爱妾桃叶的桃叶渡;吴敬梓故居陈列馆;东晋名望族王导、谢安古居及乌衣巷;明末传奇风尘女子李香君媚香楼等。好，游客们，今天的游览至此结束，再见!

问答

1、孔子生平及主要著作?

孔子，鲁国人，名丘，字仲尼。出生于公元前551年，死于公元前479

年，享年73岁。是儒家学派的创始人，我国古代著名的思想家教育家。他编订了《诗》《书》《礼》易》《乐》《春秋》，其中《诗经》是我国最早的诗歌总集，他还编写了现存最早的偏年史《春秋》

2、夫子庙在我国众多孔庙中有哪些特点?

庙市合一，它先有学宫后有孔庙，有全国最大的照璧(长110米，高10米)，有唯一用天然河道形成的泮池，有全国最大的孔子铜像，画像。

3、夫子庙的建筑特色及旅游特点是什么?

“青砖小瓦马头墙，回廊挂落花阁窗”的典型徽派建筑风格，集庙、市、景合一。

4、什么是泮池，照壁有什么作用?

所谓天子之学为“雍”，诸侯之学称为“泮”。当年鲁国于泮水河畔建学宫，后人纷纷效仿，在孔庙前修一水池称为泮池。南京夫子庙前的泮池是利用天然河道内秦淮河而形成的。照壁起遮蔽和装饰用。

5、夫子庙的泮池和寺庙前的放生池有什么区别?

相同点是古代的木结构建筑易起火，泮池和放生池都是便于防火救火。 不同点：夫子庙前的泮池为月牙形，沿袭传统，教化黎民百姓像流水一样源远流长。

寺庙前的放生池为圆形或半圆形，是供寺庙内和尚放生用的。

6、桃花扇是一部什么样的书?讲述了什么故事?

《桃花扇》是一部以南明王朝的兴亡为内容的历史悲剧，共40出，故事内容是以复社名士侯方域与秦淮名妓李香君的爱情故事为主线，深刻地反映了南明王朝灭亡的历史和当时的社会面貌，揭露了南明王朝政治的腐败和衰亡原因，作者的创作意图是“借离合之情，写兴亡之感”，以巨大的艺术感染力，吸引了众多的读者和观众。

7、国子监是一个什么样的机构?

明代的国子监是当时我国最大的国立大学，他们除了教学授课外，还整理编订了世界上最大的一部百科全书《永乐大典》。国子监学生最多时多达9972名。

8、“文德桥的栏杆—靠不住院”是什么意思?

因文德桥在每年的阴历十一月十五子时，月正当头，人立桥头自顾无影，桥的东西水面各有一半牙儿的倒影，相传古人在桥上争看这一奇景，曾数次将桥栏杆挤塌，故有此说，现在这句歇后语形容好说大话，吹牛皮的人。

9、 为何何孔庙的门都叫“大成门”，大殿都叫“大成殿”

表示孔子是中国古代文化的集大成者。

10、 大成门内四块碑的名称，内容是什么?

a)孔子问礼图碑：记载孔子抱着兴国安邦，济世访贤的愿望，从山东曲阜前往洛阳寻求巩固鲁国政权的办法，图上绘的是孔子跪在洛阳城门外，向坐在马车上的老子请教。

b) 《集庆孔子庙碑》撰写碑文的是元朝翰林院学士卢挚，内容是“诏以兴学作士为王政”强调教育及培养人才是立国之本。

c) 《封四氏碑》：是元文宗加封孔子最有成就的弟子颜回、曾参、孔伋、孟轲为四亚圣，刻于1331年

d) 《封至圣夫人碑》是元文宗加封孔子夫人的碑，因孔子在元朝被封为大成至圣文宣王，所以加封孔子夫人为至圣夫人，刻于1331年。

11、 中国科举制度始于何年，终于何年?始于隋朝，终于清末1905年。

Hello, everyone! Today we are going to visit the Confucius Temple on theBank of Qinhuai River. Speaking of Confucius Temple, we have to talk aboutQinhuai River, the mother river of Nanjing people. Qinhuai River, also known ashuaishui, Xiaojiang and longzangpu, is the ancient origin of Nanjing culture. Itenters the city from dongshuiguan and leaves the city from xishuiguan. It flowsthrough the section about ten li in front of the Confucius Temple, so it iscalled "ten li Qinhuai". From ancient times to the present, both sides of theQinhuai River are a prosperous scene. Du Mus poem in the Tang Dynasty says:"smoke cage, cold water cage, sand cage, Night Mooring Qinhuai near therestaurant. Business women do not know the hatred of national subjugation, butthey still sing "the flowers in the back court" across the river. Afterliberation, with the vigorous construction of Nanjing municipal government,todays ten mile Qinhuai River has become a national 5A scenic spot showing theunique style of Jiangnan.

The Confucius Temple consists of Confucius Temple, Academy and Gongyuan. Inthe Eastern Jin Dynasty, the imperial court built the Academy here; in the SongDynasty, the Confucius Temple was expanded on the former site of the Academy; inthe Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial examination hall Gongyuan was opened.However, the Confucius Temple was destroyed and built five times in history. Thelast one was destroyed in 1937 by the Japanese invaders. Todays ConfuciusTemple was rebuilt after 1984.

Temple Square (2 minutes)

Dear tourists, now we come to the square in front of the Confucius Temple.The integration of temple and market is one of the most remarkablecharacteristics of Confucius Temple. The square is a temple in the verticaldirection and a city in the horizontal direction. The temple and market areintegrated into a unique atmosphere. The red wall behind you is called Zhaobi,which has the functions of shielding, avoiding evil spirits and decoration. Itis 110 meters long and is the largest in China. The semicircular pool in frontof Zhaobi is called panchi. In ancient times, the place where the emperorlectured was called Biyong, the school palace where the princes lectured wascalled panchi, and the school palace of Confucius Temple was equivalent to theplace where the princes lectured. Therefore, this pool is called panchi. Thebridge on the west side of panchi is called Wende bridge, which is named for theConfucian advocating the moral of writing. Because the direction of the bridgeis consistent with the meridian, it is cultivated every year Around the 15th dayof November, the reflection of the bright moon in the sky will be divided intotwo parts by the shadow of the bridge. This spectacle is called "Wende dividingthe moon". There is a star gathering Pavilion on the west side of Wende BridgeSquare, which means "stars gather, talents gather". Facing this large archway,it is the "world Wenshu archway". The shape is four pillars and three doors,which means that it is the center of world culture. There is Kuixing Pavilion onthe south side of the archway. In ancient times, it was said that Kuixing was asign of prosperity of literature and also a symbol of winning the first place inthe imperial examination. Therefore, Kuixing was regarded as a God by studentsof all ages. In the north of the square is the Lingxing gate. It is said thatthe Lingxing gate is the cultural star in the sky and the star cluster in chargeof education. The reason for its name is that it means that the scholars of theworld gather here.

Dachengmen, terrace (1 minute)

Dacheng gate is the main gate of Dacheng hall and the main gate ofConfucius Temple. In the ancient feudal hierarchy, only officials could go inand out from Dacheng gate, while ordinary scholars could only go in and out fromthe side gate. Two big characters, Li and Ren, are engraved on the walls on bothsides behind the door, which are the core of Confucius thought and his lifelonggoal. Behind the Dacheng gate and in front of the Dacheng hall, there is acorridor. On both sides of the corridor, there are eight of the twelve studentsof Confucius. They are all carved from white jade of Han Dynasty. They are minsang, ran Geng, ran Qiu, Duanmu Ci, ran Yong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan Yan and Zhong you.At the end of the corridor is a terrace, which is 1.4 meters high, 21.8 meterslong from east to west, and 14 meters wide from north to south. It is surroundedby stone railings. In front of the terrace are two dragon play pearls and Danbistones, and on both sides are stone lamps. The terrace is a place for sacrifice,singing and dancing. In the middle of the terrace is a bronze statue ofConfucius. In front of the bronze statue is an iron censer, engraved with thetitle of "supreme saint and forerunner". With a height of 4.18 meters and aweight of 2.37 tons, the bronze statue is the largest one in the Confuciantemples in China. On both sides of the terrace, there used to be two verandahs,which were used to worship the memorial tablets of the 72 sages of Confucius andto store sacrificial, ceremonial and dancing utensils. Now they are reduced tosmall two verandahs and changed into stele corridors. There are more than 30steles with ink marks of famous calligraphers such as Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi andWu Zhongqi for tourists to enjoy.

Dacheng Hall (2 minutes)

Dacheng hall is the landmark of Confucius Temple, 16.22 meters high, 27.3meters wide and 27.9 meters deep. The words "Dacheng hall" are written on thesea blue vertical plaque under the front eaves. There is a standing sculpture oftwo dragons playing with pearls on the roof of Dacheng hall, which is the firstof its kind in China. The light and beautiful style of the roof covered withgreen tiles is obviously different from that of the northern Confucius Templewith yellow glazed tiles. It is more easygoing and popular, which is one of themanifestations of Nanjing Confucius Temple closer to folk culture. In the centerof the hall, there is the largest portrait of Confucius in China. On the top ofthe portrait are three plaques, all of which are written by emperors of pastdynasties. They are "model of the world" by Kangxi, "with heaven and earth" byQianlong, and "Si Wen Zai Zi" by Guangxu. In front of the portrait stand fourstudents of Confucius, namely Mencius, Kongji, Zengshen and Yanhui. In front ofthe portrait are ancient musical instruments such as Qin, guzheng and drum. Onthe walls around, there are 38 inlaid murals reflecting Confucius life anddeeds, which are "the picture of Confucius miracles", carved by 200 craftsmenin Yueqing, Zhejiang Province, using famous jade, chicken blood jelly, Shoushanstone, gold, jewelry and other precious ornaments from Zhejiang, Fujian, InnerMongolia, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places. The total investment is 5.8million yuan, and the current value is more than 100 million yuan The 38 muralsare: the picture of the holy trace, the preface of the title, the prayer ofNishan, the book of Qilin jade, the two dragons and five elders, etc.

Inscriptions (1 minute)

From Dacheng hall, the ancient well on the right is Yutu spring. Accordingto records, Yutu spring was discovered and excavated by Qin Hui. Beside thespring stands the stele of raising money for imperial examinations, whichrecords the history of Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtangs donation of examineesfees to Beijing in the period of Liangjiang governor. On the other side, thereare four steles, the most famous of which is the stele of Confucius asking forrites, which was carved in the Southern Dynasty. It records the story ofConfucius seeking for rites from Laozi in Luoyang, the city where the emperorlived from the state of Lu to the state of Zhou, when slavery was about tocollapse at the end of the spring and Autumn period. In addition, it is the onlythree steles in Nanjing, namely, the stele of Jiqing Confucius Temple and thestele of fengzhishengfu The stele of man and the stele of FengSi.

A school: school gate (30 seconds), Mingde Hall (1 minute 30 seconds),Zunjing Pavilion and its surroundings (1 minute)

The academy is located in the rear of Dacheng hall. It is inscribed on thelintel of the gate in the south by Zeng Guofan, and on the lintel of the gate inthe north by Qin Dashi, the number one scholar in the southeast. Entering thegate of the Academy, you can see a bell and a drum standing in the two pavilionson the left and right. On the forehead of the pavilions are the words "Xi Li"and "Yang Sheng", which were used by scholars to worship Confucius in ancienttimes.

Facing the gate of the school is Mingde hall, whose name is inscribed byWen Tianxiang. Mingde hall is the place where students gather. After thepilgrimage every month, students gather here to teach their tutors to preach theholy doctrine and the imperial edict, so as to cultivate their loyalty andpatriotism. Ming De Tang was originally named "Ming Lun Tang". When the yuanarmy was about to conquer Nanjing, Wen Tianxiang changed "Ming Lun Tang" to"Ming De Tang" by hand in order to show his determination to die rather thansurrender and his ambition to serve the country and the people.

The Zunjing Pavilion behind Mingde hall is three stories high, with doubleeaves and T-shaped ridges on the top of the mountain. It was a lecture hallwhere Confucian classics were stored and lectures were given. Now it is a museumof folk customs. Standing side by side with Zunjing pavilion are Chongshengtemple and Qingyun tower. Zunjing academy is divided into two sides behindZunjing Pavilion. Chongsheng temple was originally dedicated to Confuciusancestors, but now it is pear garden. Qingyun building was changed into alibrary in the Qing Dynasty. Zunjing academy is a place for lectures, which isequivalent to the present classroom. The small highland behind Zunjing Pavilionis called Weishan, with Jingyi pavilion built. The so-called "Jingyi" is thedevotion to Confucianism.

Other (1 minute)

Ladies and gentlemen, the Confucius Temple is prosperous during the day,and the Confucius Temple at night is even more colorful! As early as thenorthern and Southern Dynasties, there was a Jinling Lantern Festival on theQinhuai River, and it reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty. The Qinhuai River inthe sound of oars and lights is unique in the world. Todays Confucius Templefollows the Huizhou architectural style of "blue brick, small tile, horse headwall, cloister with falling flowers and windows". When tourists come here, theycan not only appreciate the traditional culture, but also taste the uniqueQinhuai snacks, explore the legend of Qinhuai Bayan, enjoy the scenery on bothsides of the Strait by Qinhuai boat, or explore the traces of celebrities suchas Wuyi lane, former residence of Wang Dao xiean and former residence of LiXiangjun. This is the end of my explanation. Thank you!

B Gongyuan front street, Mingyuan building (1 minute 30 seconds)

Now we come to the front street of Gongyuan. There are six statues standingin the street. They are all talented people from all dynasties. They are TangYin, Wu Chengen, Zheng Banqiao, Wu Jingzi, Lin Zexu and Zhang Jian. On the eastside of the sculpture, there are 11 stone tablets, which record the rise andfall of the Gongyuan, as well as the praise, evaluation and chanting ofemperors, ministers and celebrities. In front of the front street is theGongyuan, on which there are couplets inscribed by Li Yu. It was built in theSouthern Song Dynasty and is specially used for holding imperial examinations.At first, the number of examinees was small and the scale was not large. It wasonly used for the examination of government and county schools. When the numberof examinees increased, it even needed to borrow temples as temporaryexamination rooms. In the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the Gongyuan wasrebuilt. Later, the scale of Nanjing Gongyuan continued to expand. When it wasofficially named "Jiangnan Gongyuan" in the Qing Dynasty, it reached anunprecedented trend, starting from yaojiaxiang in the East, In the west, thereare more than 20000 houses, bordering on the Qinhuai River in the South andJiankang road in the north. After the Republic of China, Gongyuan was neglected.Until today, only Mingyuan building has been preserved as a historical relic.Mingyuan building was used for warning and giving orders in the past imperialexaminations. In the arch on the first floor, there are stone tablets of Ming,Qing and Republic of China, which record the rise and fall of Jiangnan Gongyuanin detail and effectively preserve the scene of imperial examination hall infeudal times. In the 1980s, the relevant departments established "JiangnanGongyuan exhibition hall" here.

Dormitory (1 minute)

Now more than 40 houses have been restored in Gongyuan. In the order ofthousand characters, the houses are 6 feet high, 4 feet deep and 3 feet wide,with an area of no more than 1.5 square meters. There are only two boards ondisplay. Examinees have to stay in it for 9 days and have three exams. Eating,drinking and sleeping are all here. During the day, they answer questions on thechopping board, and at night, they close their clothes and sleep on the choppingboard. We can imagine the hardships of the examination in those years. In thewest side of Gongyuan, wax figures were used to show the examinees attitudes.In the east side was the tourist experience area. Interested friends canexperience it.

To court (1 minute 30 seconds)

The imperial examination began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and ended inthe late Qing Dynasty, which lasted for 1300 years. In the Ming and QingDynasties, it gradually formed four levels of examination, namely, childrensexamination, rural examination, general examination and palace examination. The"Zhigong hall" you can see in front of you used to be the public land run by theexaminers. The word "Zhigong" means "fair, just and equal". Now it is theimperial examination exhibition room, which is divided into three exhibitionhalls: East, West and East. In the middle of the exhibition hall is the imperialexamination culture exhibition room, in which there is a sculpture of Kuixingsfighting and monopolizing the first place. The horizontal shape next to it showsthe situation of No Its often spectacular. The pictures and materials on thewalls around introduce the origin and development of Chinas imperialexamination system. The number one scholar hall on the east side displays a listof the number one scholar in China. On the west side is the hall of fame, whichdisplays celebrities related to Jiangnan Gongyuan, as well as some pictures andmaterials related to the imperial examination.

This concludes the explanation of Confucius Temple. Thank you!

闻名遐迩的“东飞天”就在中102号佛龛中。

南齐永明七年(489年),明僧绍之子与智度禅师合作开凿三圣像以纪念明僧绍。

梁大同六年(540年)三圣像佛龛上出现佛光,惊动齐梁贵族,于是纷纷前来凿石造像,从南朝齐永明二年至梁天监十年(484-511年)逐渐开凿而成。

又据传,栖霞寺创建人僧绍曾梦见西岩壁上有如来佛光,于是立志在此凿造佛像。

他病故后,其子在南齐永明二年(484年)开始与僧智度禅师在西壁上凿佛龛,镌刻了三尊佛像,这三佛合称“西方三圣”,该殿也称“三圣殿”。

所有佛像或五六尊一龛,或七八尊一室。

佛像始有515尊,分凿于294个佛龛中,望之如峰房鸽舍,号称千佛崖。

后来,唐、宋、元、明各代相继在纱帽峰都有开凿,连南朝在内,共有700尊。

佛像大者高数丈,小者仅盈尺。

其中“大佛阁”为开凿时间最早、规模最大的一座石窟,凿于南齐永明七年(公元489年),正中无量寿佛坐像高达12米。

20__年南京旅游界要说有什么大事恐怕只有栖霞山发现“东飞天”,各大媒体更是抓住这一热点进行大量报道,学术界也展开了激烈的讨论,使“东敦煌”、“东飞天”蜚声海内外,很多人慕名而来。

“东飞天”位于中102号佛龛中。

这个洞龛非常小,共有5座佛像,洞顶的两组飞天为橙色,线条清晰可辨,中间佛像头顶的火焰隐约可见。

虽然仅有这么两对飞天,但这是我国所发现的最东部的“敦煌遗迹”。

最近又传来消息称在千佛岩旁的舍利塔上又发现了飞天浮雕,其所用技法和人物线条皆与敦煌相似,据有关报道称,这一发现进一步丰富了"东敦煌"的文化内容。

舍利塔始建于隋仁寿元年(601年),始为木塔,后毁于唐武宗会昌年间。

现存之塔系南唐时高越、林仁肇建造。

从栖霞寺南侧围墙外山路向东行不远,就可看到舍利塔,该塔用白石砌成,五层八面,高约18米。

塔外壁上刻有浮雕,形象姿态生动传神。

塔基上刻着释迦牟尼出家修道的故事,依次是托胎、诞生、出游、苦行、坐禅、说法、降魔、涅般。

该塔为五级八面密檐式石塔,高18.04米。

塔基上浮雕释迦八相图和海石榴、鱼、龙、凤、花卉等图案;塔身刻有高浮雕天王像、普贤骑象图和文殊菩萨像,像上还刻有“匠人徐知谦”等题名。

塔檐下雕飞天、乐天、供养人等像。

第二层以上每面都刻两个圆拱形龛,均内雕一酋跏趺坐佛,共计64尊,雕刻精细,甚为生动。

全塔造型典雅、秀美,雕刻细腻、精湛,装饰华丽,为佛教艺术在江南的代表作,在中国古代建筑史上占有重要的地位。

“朱雀桥边野草花，乌衣巷口夕阳斜……”这是我小时候对夫子庙的第一认识。

不看不知道，一看吓一跳。如果你是一名旅游爱好者，曾经来过南京，但是没有去过夫子庙，那真是等于白来了!

夫子庙是南京的着名景点，历史悠久。夫子庙靠着秦淮河，秦淮河是南京的母亲河，就像中国的长江与黄河一样。秦淮河上碧波荡漾，波光粼粼，水里不时跃出来可爱的小鱼，坐在夫子庙的画舫上看风景，别有一番滋味。

看夫子庙，一定要在晚上来。这时夫子庙灯火通明，霓虹灯五光十色，把城市的上空找的宛如发生了极光一般，十分华丽，此时此刻，人们也不顾着夜晚的疲惫，都来夫子庙闲逛。饿了?哈哈，没问题!FOLLOE ME!鸭血粉丝汤，鸡汁汤包，羊肉串，不够再去KFC!麦当劳也有!还有南京的臭豆腐等经典小吃……对了!还有盐水鸭!盐水鸭可是南京的特产!欢迎品尝!盐水鸭的其中一种叫桂花鸭，在盐水鸭的层次上精益求精，含着桂花的清香。夫子庙当人不是“二号狮子桥”光是吃，也有许多时尚的商铺任你逛。当然，你的眼球也是不会闲着的，夫子庙是很久以前的一个古建筑，蕴含着老南京风味，那墙壁上的精雕细刻，屋顶的绚丽国花纹，美不胜收。还有，那夜晚的秦淮河也更是美丽，那清澈的水面倒映着繁星点点的夜空，绿树，建筑，还有那五颜六色的灯光，把秦淮河照的五彩缤纷。

到了元宵节，夫子庙更是人山人海，大街小巷里都有卖花灯的小店，有可爱的兔子灯，古老的走马灯、孔明灯。除了花灯，在元宵节那几天里，夫子庙里还有许多的元宵店。元宵有大有小，大的里面有芝麻，小的泡糖水，都十分好吃。

我们相信，不仅视夫子庙，更是南京，这个历史悠久的城市，未来会更加美好!