英文导游常用语汇集20篇

as is known to all, the silk road into xinjiang, south, north is dividedinto three sections, the word. and of every faith scenery lets a person miandthoughtful. therefore, it is the silk road trip to travel.

brief introduction of the first description: xinjiang is located in chinasnorthwest border regions in china, also called, the second-largest pasture,ecological environment. north of continental climate, the winters are long andhard, summer, autumn season and hot chirp is not obvious, relatively strong,solar radiation temperature changes. so remind everybody must pay attention toprevent bask in the night and temperature is too big and prepare appropriateclothes. meanwhile, xinjiang has the advantageous sunshine, light, heat andplanting trees and the crops of thermophilic melon, improve sugar accumulation.so a luscious taste the melon and fruit in xinjiang.

our first stop was the urumqi. it is the farthest from the oceans of theworld cities, capital of xinjiang uygur autonomous region, meaning "beautiful",but also the ranch along. we recommend the attraction is the natural pasture,carefree nanshan pasture flocks, paolo maldini, compose in green grassland,spruce, combining the deep valley, and a 20 meters high, the waterf-all. hereyou can live on the shores of the zhanfang, taste herdsmen nang, dairy products,roast lamb kebabs, zhuafan hand, etc. bake complete sheep is a choice jieyangsurrounding xinjiang, or under the age of two lambs as raw materials, to fatwith flour and entrails, feet, salt water, eggs, pepper, alone powder evenlyinto paste, in the whole body, then add the sheep are soaking pit, nang bakeuntil cooked. baked sheep, golden oil, fragrance waft through the meat,delicious! you can rent a horse galloping on the kazakh nomads, acrothe vastgrassland of the thick forest. also can realize kazak ethnic customs: racingnomads, thanks to the sheep, chasing girls. urumqi seasons all appropriate, eachhave different seasons.

our second station is well known in turpan: its very hot and dry thelowest place. is extremely arid region unique ecological environment and therepresentatives of the oasis civilization. you may have noticed that a foot onthis land, and we are the only dry! the sun is so frankly, the bakingtemperature has reached 50 to 60 degrees celsius, i.e., steaming eggs. you alsodont too boring, let us imagine a pleasant trip to the sauna. first, we went tothe fire, the authors of shanxi, surrounded by the farmhouse here, secludedspot, vines with green, a very cool and refreshing and comfortable come, here isthe "huozhou" summer in heaven. in these grape, as long as the timbrel rang, menand women will be averted dance. believe that everyone heard that song familiar"to", covering your journey has a small talk "uncle"? how does not show guide sonow you for it.

small guide a bit embarrassed, here but dance, unexpectedly township inhere, please everybody to me. now please follow me to visit the shadow ofraisins for washing room. raised my hand against the grapes can be picked youcant decapitation, later will have to taste the free of grapes, let everybodyfan.

to see the city will be kanerjing, it is spots with wall, thebeijing-hangzhou grand canal and called chinas three projects, it is the sourceof life of the local people. because it is in the ground, also very cool andrefreshing and comfortable.

now we came to the tomb asidana - hara and is, there are many rooms vividfresco, lifelike lifelike, still have the "turpan documents", it is the currentinternational academic research foundation of words - turpan. because theclimate is hot dry form natural germ-free environment, so the dead bodies andobjects, although calendar millennium items without corruption, the body is dueto rapid dehydrate and formed the pyramids in egypt mummy "than" also mummifiedcorpses of exotic, some even seems visible eyes eyelash.

now we reached the place, also is the hami melon is executed. two thousandyears ago, here is the han dynasty zhangqian first opened the silk roadfortress, known as "the macroscopic throats, western". as the saying goes, "theeast sea crab hami melons as shrimp," beauty of hami words cant express. silkroad and the grassland culture were also it nurture...

millions of years ago cengfanhua noisy here, all the time, the flowers arecirculation of vast desert mysterious buried. numerous archaeological explorershave again and again into a history to touch, the dust, touch the soul ofhundreds of years ago. loulan ancient site actually is the capital of kingdom ".have luobubo beside the river, clear. after the han and the tarim river waterdiverted, though, because human resource and spent a cross-sectional noteglacier diversion into loulan, but soon, the time of ancient lou-lan and wastewater. from ancient lou-lan died in history!

国际专利许可合同(附英文)

authorities ofboth parties， whichever comes later.

article2 scope of the contract

2.1. party a agrees to acquire from party b and party b agrees to transfer to party a

the patented technology for contract products. such patented technology shall be in exact

accordance with the technologyof party b’s latest products.

2.2 party b grants party a the non-exclusive right to design and manufacture

contractproducts in china and to markdt the said products in china and abroad.

2.3 party b shall be responsible to provide party a with documents relevant to the

saidpaptents and with special fittings of the samplemachine their concrete details and

schedule ofdelivary being set out in appendix 2 to the contract.

2.4 the contract does not cover the patented technology for the parts from other

coun-tres.

but party b shall provide party a with the specimens and the tecincal specifications and

the name of the manufacturers of the parts.

2.5 party b shall be responsible for the training of party a’s technicl personnel

in party b’s relevant facilities and also do its best to enable party a’s technical

personnel to masterthe patented technplogy of the aforesaid contract product (details as

per appendix 5 to the contract).

2.6 party b is obliged to send at its own expense technical personnel to party a’s

facto-ry for technical service (details as per appendix 6 to the contract).

2.7 if it is required by party a. pafrty b shall be under an obligation to provide

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旅行社2017导游工作计划范文

导游培训对于旅行社来说至关重要，因为他关系着旅行社的业绩。所以一年一度的导游工作计划也就显得很重要！下面我们一起来看一下旅行社2017导游工作计划吧。

2017年，是我社发展的关键一年，学习的氛围会更加浓厚，导游员总体水准和综合素养将进一步提升，因而，我们要以人为本，乘势而上，以公司“勤廉、务实、创新、高效”的企业文化精神为原动力，在平凡的岗位上不做不平凡的业绩。根据上级工作部署，并结合我部实际，特制定以下方案，作为我部2017年度的总体发展规划。

一、工作思路及目标

以深入学习贯彻党的十八大重要精神为契机，以集团公司“勤廉、务实、创新、高效”的企业文化精神为原动力，不断与时俱进，不断求学上进，以崭新的风貌争当环太湖旅游业的时代标兵。

二、工作措施

(1)第一季度

将队伍打造成团结互助、好学上进的优秀团体，荣辱与共，合作共赢。

① 要培养部门成员的集体荣誉感和使命责任感;

② 要营造平台，提供成员间职业技能互帮互助的再提升;

③ 精锐队伍，力争将我部打造成一支“召之即来，来之能战”的精英团队。

(2)第二季度

提升导游员的业务水准和职业技能，争取以点带面，向个人带动集体的趋势发展。

① 集体创作高质量的比赛用词，充分挖掘景区景点的文化内涵;

② 分工创作适合实地讲解的专业导游词，让成员在创作中不断深入研究，争做文化的守望者;

③ 鼓励成员参加各类活动，提高个人素养的同时，朝着精细化的酒店服务理念方向发展。

(3)第三季度

有效利用自身条件，争取为游客中心创造经济效益。

① 通过宣传或推介，把吴中太湖介绍给更多的游客，争取散客与团队共同成为接待主体;

② 争创优秀服务窗口，争做文明标兵，以此吸引回头客;

③ 导游要做好讲解是同时向客人推荐产品，争取让客人把“太湖礼物”带回家。

(4)第四季度

打造导游品牌化，对平日里的管理查漏补缺，再创佳绩。

① 坚决以“耐心、细致、文明、礼貌”的理念服务于客，将“三亮、三比、三评、三争创”活动常态化;

②以实际行动说话，杜绝工作失误，将游客满意度不断提升;

③建立完整的考核机制，平日为主，测评为辅，塑造导游员成为职业道德楷模。

以上是我社导游2017年的大体工作计划，在工作的具体实施中我们将遇到很多的困难，但我们坚信我们会排除万难，尽最大的努力把工作做的最好，也恳请上级部门监督指导!

国际专利许可合同(附英文译本)

6.2 the date stamped by the air transportation ageney at_________，shll be takenas the actual date of delivery paryt a shall send to party b a photostat copy of theairconsignment note shwing the stampde date of arrival.

6.3 within twenty-four hours after the despatch of each lot of the technical documente，party b shal1 notify party a by cable or telex of the contract number， number and dateof the air consignment note， items of the documents， number of pieces， airmail toparty a two copies of each of the air consignment note and detaikled list of thetechnical documents.

6.4 if the technical documents are foumd lost， damaged or mutilated during airtrans-portation， party b shall supply party a free of charge with a second lot ofdocuments within thechortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it hasreceived from party a the writtennotice. within sixty days after party a has receivedthe documents from party b，if party a does not declare the shortage and request tocover the same， it is considered asa-cepted.

6.5 the technical documents shall be in english and based on metric system ofmeasure-ments.article 7 verification and acceptance

7.1 the verification test on the first samplemachine of the contracted&nbs p;product shallbe carried out by the joint group consisting of party as and party bs representativesaccordingto the schedule and contents stipulated in appendix 7 to the contract. lf theperformance of the contracted product is in conformity with the technical specificationsstipulated in ap-pendix 1， such testshall be considersd as qualified and therepresentatives of both parties shll sign the inspection and testing certificate for theproper performance of the contracted product in quadruplicate， 2copies for each party.

7.2 if the verification test demonstrates that the performance of the contractedprod-uct isnot in conformity with prescribed technical specifications， both partiesshall， throughamicable negotiations，make a joint study of and analyse the cause andtake measures to e-liminate the defects and carry out asecond test. when the second testdemonstuates tha the performance is qualified， both parties shall sign a testingcertificate for the proper perfot- mance

7.3 if party b is responsible for the failure of the first test， party b shall sendat ist own expense technical ersonnel for the second test.

7.4 if the second test fails again and the failure is attributed to party b， party bshallindemnify party a for any losses sustained and shall take effective measures toeliminate thedefects and carry out a third test.

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优秀导游月工作总结范文

已过去一个月了，作为在这个行业从事导游工作近6年来，从来没有做过一次总结，总是在实践和实验中成长，每个人都希望自己能比别人优秀，能做一个让别人认可的人，但是从我的工作来看，确实没有啥值得骄傲或者自豪的事情，或许比其他工作看起来风光，但是其中的酸甜苦辣又有谁能理解呢?

今年的导游培训课可以说是让我学到和看到了别人的光环还有光环背后的辛苦，我深深的知道，做我们这个行业的，起早贪黑，有的时候甚至连个可口的饭菜都吃不上，还要带着客人游山玩水的心情，都说付出和收入是成正比的，但是在我们这个旅游的潜规则的带领下，哪里公平?没有稳定的收入，没有固定的工作，没有保障，那一天出了任何事故都找不到人给你赔偿，但是因为个人喜欢这个职业，也热爱这个工作，一直坚持到现在，也是今年才找到组织，希望在明年会有好的发展吧!

说说我的带团经历吧!说实话，没啥值得炫耀的经验，只能说是一种互相学习吧!从XX年拿上导游证的这一刻，我觉得自己是个导游工作者，我可以去很多自己没有去过的城市玩，可以免费进入各个景区，自己真的高兴的不得了，但是刚拿上导游证，没有一家旅行社肯聘你去他们那里工作，当时心情直接跌到谷底，经过一个多月，同学之前有比我更早进入旅行社工作，我便找到一份工作，但是这份工作我只做了一个月，因为我没有记住他们单位的电话号码，也更别说带团了。

我知道自己必须充实自己，多学习，才能够很快进入到这个行业，第二个工作单位，我去了之后只是让我看资料啊，学习，也没有让我带团，我觉得自己很没用，正好赶上旅游旺季到来，导游全部都出外带团了，社里让我带团，去的第一个地方是六盘山，是要我把团带到固原和那边的导游交接工作，呵呵，真的很生气，我觉得自己完全可以全部带完，然而单位出于团队质量的问题，毅然要求我帮那个导游把她带的客人接回来，这就是我开始了导游生涯的第一个团队，客人都很好，我上车虽然很紧张，但是大家互动唱歌以后就缓解了那种紧张的空气，也锻炼了我的胆量，虽然没有完整的带完这个团队，我其实还是很感谢旅行社的领导，让我出团了，但是这份工作工资收入太低，我没坚持很久就不干了。

第三份工作，那就是进入国旅的那一年，对我的培养和锻炼，让我正式加入了宁夏地接导游的队伍，我也认识了比我年长一些的导游前辈，我很荣幸，社里一系列的培训，让我很快的成长，我也开始从3个人的散客然后30人的专列带起，我发现自己的知识实在是太少了，有的时候客人问到的问题真的是回答不上来，我走到哪都会买一些书回来给自己补充知识，经过了几年的历练，我开始赚钱了，觉得这个工作还是很不错的，便一如既往的向前走。

现在从国旅出来了，我任然感激以前在国旅工作的那些乐于把自己的知识全部讲给我们这些新人的前辈们，要不是国旅，我可能也就坚持不到现在。

从XX年开始选择做兼职，我算不上是优秀导游，觉得只要所有团队不被投诉，只要我用心来对待我接待的客人，我能赚一些钱够自己花就还不错了，但是我同时听到很多优秀导游的故事，我也想像他们一样，可是我一直默默无闻，XX年以前的客人很友好，根本别说是投诉了，他们来到宁夏对我们这里的风土人情都很感兴趣，说我们这里的导游实在，诚实，不知道从什么时候开始，网上就有关于导游欺客宰客，导游殴打客人，导游等等不好的传闻，这对我们的影响太大了，我们极力再维护宁夏旅游的形象，我们西部旅游发展慢，起步晚，我们导游的整体素质不是很高，但是我们西北人诚实实在的种种行为还是打消了客人对导游不好传闻的那些想法，我真的很欣慰我们宁夏的旅游环境一直能健康的发展。

今年我带团接受投诉三次：

第一次投诉原因是因为旅行社为了降低成本，雇佣不是旅游车队的车子接待游客，去了西宁，司机不认识路，我与司机再车上争吵路是否走错等等的事情，客人是无罪的，但是导游应该要和司机、全陪、领队互相沟通合作才能避免这些事情的发生，也就不会有投诉了，在这个投诉问题里我也是冲动了，所以说冲动是魔鬼，我被旅行社扣了500元钱，我要反映的问题是旅行社降低成本可以，但是不要再用不认识路的司机了，这对我们导游工作实在是一个很大的影响。

第二次投诉，是我没有核对住宿的宾馆，因为在吃饭的餐厅客人斤斤计较，结账的时候和餐厅发生了一些争吵，我出于好心要全陪先带着其他客人回酒店休息，但是拿错了房卡，本来是兰花花的新酒店，最后住进了旁边的旧酒店，客人都住进去以后发现房子不是他们那个标准，便要求换房，把睡梦中的人都叫了起来，换了房子，第二天也把我给换了，这个问题是我因为疏忽犯的不该犯的错误，做我们这个工作，就要时刻保持一个兴奋的状态，对任何环节都要提前落实好，疏忽大意是最不可取的，我也损失了将近块钱，因为至今旅行社就这个问题收不来团款也不给导游报账。

第三次投诉，我只带了一个人，真的是更不应该被投诉的，原因是我没有一直陪着客人，把人家冷落了，天哪，什么样的投诉都能成立，这个更提醒了我，作为宣传我们宁夏的使者，一个人也要把她当成是上帝，别看人少了，赚不到钱了，就粗心大意，话说，别拿村长不当干部，现在的客人真的是花钱不花钱都是大爷，不管你用什么办法把她陪舒服了，高兴了就ok了。处理了这个投诉，我不仅写了检讨书，甚至还被社里扣了三个月的工资，我现在签了合同还是被停薪留职的处分，我觉得很不公平，但是我是一名导游，我要为旅行社维护更多的客户，因为我，可能社里损失了就不只是一个客户这个问题了，我只能接受了。

总之做导游工作，除了你有渊博的知识，还得处理好你和客人，你和旅行社，你和家人所有的问题，虽然你不是神，但是你必须知道这是你得职责，不想被社会淘汰，你就要天天爬在电线杆上等着被电死，要不你连电线杆都没摸到，就已经死了，学着做第一个吃螃蟹的人，只有有十分的信心，才能做成九分得成绩。

According to historical records, Shanhaiguan has a history of more than 600years since it was built in 1381 ad. it has been an important military town inChina since ancient times.

Shanhaiguan City, about 4 kilometers in circumference, is a small city. Thewhole city is connected with the Great Wall, with the city as the pass. The cityis 14 meters high and 7 meters thick. There are four main gates in the city, andthere are a variety of ancient defense buildings. It is a city pass withrelatively complete defense system, known as "the first pass in the world". Thearchery tower, the most powerful one in the world, is the main body,supplemented by Jingbian tower. Linlu building. Muyinglou, weiyuantang,Wengcheng, dongluocheng, Great Wall Museum and other great wall buildings showvisitors the architectural style of ancient Chinese city defense.

The worlds first pass scenic spot takes Shanhaiguan city as the center,which includes Shanhaiguan City, Dongluo City, the "worlds first pass" tower,Jingbian tower, muying tower, linlu tower and the Great Wall Museum. Shanhaiguanis a cultural ancient city. The city walls of Ming Dynasty are basically in goodcondition. Most of the main streets and alleys are preserved as they are. Inparticular, there are still a number of courtyard houses, which make the ancientcity more elegant and simple. What makes the ancient city most colorful is theeast gate of Guancheng, which stands on the great wall and looks on the fourfields. On the second floor of the city building, you can overlook the panoramaof Shanhaiguan city and the wilderness outside the pass. Looking to the north,you can see the majestic appearance of Jiaoshan Great Wall in the distance; thesea in the south is also hazy. There are also Jingbian building, muying buildingand linlu building. Walking on the Great Wall will make you feel the greatnessof our ancestors and the extraordinary wisdom of the Chinese people.

Shanhaiguan scenic spot is a famous historical and cultural ancient cityand a summer resort with many places of interest, beautiful scenery and pleasantclimate. There are more than 90 places of interest with development andornamental value in the area. In 20__, Shanhaiguan scenic spot was rated as thefirst batch of 4A scenic spots; In 20__, the State Council officially listedShanhaiguan District of Qinhuangdao as a national historical and cultural city,Shanhaiguan scenic spot. Taking the Great Wall as the main line, it has formedsix scenic spots, namely "old dragon head", "mengjiangnu Temple", "Jiaoshan","the first pass in the world", "Changshou mountain" and "Yansai Lake", all ofwhich are open to Chinese and foreign tourists. It is a famous tourist area athome and abroad. Among them: the the Great Wall of Shanhaiguan converged theessence of Chinas ancient the Great Wall. The East starting point of the greatwall of Ming Dynasty is the old dragon head. The great wall meets with the sea.The Great Wall has blue sea and Jinsha. The sky opens the sea and the mountain.It is majestic and majestic. It is known as "pinghan in the capital and thethroat of liaozuo"; Jiaoshan Great Wall is winding, the beacon tower isprecipitous and picturesque. Among the "eight scenic spots of Yuguan", the"mountain temple is rainy and sunny, Ruilian holds the sun" and the wonderful"Qixian Buddha light" attract many tourists. Mengjiangnu temple is a Chinesefolk legend, the moving story of Jiangnu seeking her husband. Xuanyang cave, thelargest natural granite cave in northern China, is like a paradise with strangecaves, strange rocks and gurgling springs. Yansai lake is a beautiful pearloutside the Great Wall.

It is said that the last word is not written together, but the person whowrote it throws it into the air full of ink.

2016年导游工作计划范文

正如一句格言所讲：“成功者找方法，失败者找借口”。每天向着目标前进，工作会更有充实感。作为社会大家庭的一员，我们每个人都肩负着神圣而艰巨的使命。我们应该重视它，欢迎阅读xx年导游工作计划范文。

工作举措

1、加大旅游基础设施建设。加大对乡村旅游及农宿文化点基础设施建设力度。在实施农村基础设施、生态建设、乡村改造、环境综合整治等项目时，尽量向乡村旅游及农宿文化点倾斜。想方设法，争取项目，争取资金，加大基础设施建设，提升旅游承载功能，让游客玩得开心、住得舒心，吃得放心。

2、加强旅游参观学习力度。结合旅游农宿文化建设，加强旅游从业人员学习培训，举办旅游从员人员培训班，并组织相关人员外出参观学习，借鉴先进经验，逐渐提升我乡旅游业发展的整体水平。

3、加大旅游宣传推介力度。利用各种媒体，加大对旅游项目的宣传、推介、包装力度，扩大影响力，增强吸引力。大力营造适合农宿文化乡村旅游发展的社会环境，培育品牌、树立典型、加大宣传、引导带动乡村旅游的发展,促进农民增收。

感谢阅读xx年导游工作计划范文，希望我们每位都能成为成功者。

北有故宫，南有木府，跨过清泉汩汩的流水小桥，突见一座木牌坊赫然立于土木瓦顶居民之间。跨进朱红色的木府大门，眼前豁然开朗，一片开阔的地面上巍然耸立着一座金碧辉煌的宫殿，汉白玉基座雕刻精美，那恢宏的气势，使人恍若置身于皇宫之内。纳西人说起木老爷来，就跟我们提到自己的老祖宗一样亲切。木老爷，从前就是这座浩大宅第的主人。简单一点说，五六百年前的木府，就是丽江古城中的紫禁城。

木土司的府第虽有王者气度，却一反中原王城居中为尊的传统，将府第建于城南一隅。而作为全城中心的则是商贾云集的四方街，纵横交错的街道从四方街这一商贸中心向四面八方辐射。从中可看出古城最初形成于乡村集市，最终也因商业贸易而繁荣,丽江牡丹园客栈。这与古城千百年来作为茶马古道重镇的历史密切相关。木土司的宫廷式建筑在明代已蔚为壮观，明代旅行家、地理学家徐霞客在他的《滇游日记》中就曾惊叹宫室之丽，拟于王者。明代时，古城居民就已达千余户，民居建筑颇具规模。徐霞客曾描述当时的丽江古城民房群落，瓦屋栉比，可见民居繁盛之景象。

The passengers:

Everybody is good! B: my name is lu, Im go to the guide of qin Terra Cotta Warriors. Im very honored to serve you, hope we have a nice day today.

Now were going to set off to the world-famous qin Terra Cotta Warriors.

You see, this great historical sites show in front of our eyes! Our xi an lintong has three qin Terra Cotta Warriors pit, a total of 3 20xx0 square meters, nearly 50 basketball courts, a pit of the Terra Cotta Warriors to nearly eight thousand. In three pits at the pit is the largest, 230 meters long, north and south 62 meters wide, with a total area of 14260 square meters; The pit of the Terra Cotta Warriors, of course, also the most, there are more than six thousand! Above the no. 1 pit has a huge vaulted hall. Into the hall, standing on high birds eye view, will see the Terra Cotta Warriors pit, line by line, the process is very neat, formed a huge army of rectangle like qin shihuang had command of an army of fighting, invincible.

You look, the general burly, wearing a brown, wearing armor, sword in hand, with pride. Know its the look on his poses battle-hardened, accountable.

The average height of the warriors, 1. 8 meters, trim. They dressed in a shirt to wear armor, feet front end up the cock combat boots, and armed with weapons, ready to go.

Look, the horse figurines in short armour, on foot mouth was wearing tight pants, boots right hand holding the REINS, left hand with bows and arrows, as if ready to mount a horse to kill.

Now we use one hour to watch slowly. Please take good care of cultural relics, dont litter. Thank you for your cooperation.

Well, today was the end of run. Welcome to have the opportunity to visit again later.

michael: hey billy, that looks like a groovy cell phone. is it new?

billy: yeah - i scored it today. my old one was too big and clunky.

michael: it seems like everyone has a cell phone these days.

billy: i know. everywhere i go i can hear mobile phones ringing.

michael: why did you call it a mobile phone and not a cell phone?

billy: americans generally call them cell phones while europeans call them mobile phones.

michael: you know that there are so many rules about using cell phones these days?

billy: really! can you teach me some? i dont want people to think that i am rude.

michael: sure. i would be happy to teach my buddy!

Tangshan city is located in the center of bohai sea area, the south shore of bohai sea, north depends on yanshan, the transportation is convenient, can be in and out of the sex is very strong. Back mountain geographical landscape, linhai are diverse and complex landform types and characteristic of the local history and culture, has created many distinctive tourism resources. Taste unique natural landscape, cultural landscape culture deeply. Tangshan northern mountainous area of Ming Great Wall, 221 kilometers, east to shanhaiguan, old faucet, west to badaling and mutianyu, there are 29, jailed narrow watchtowers, 603, 82 beacon tower.

Underwater Great Wall the Great Wall, marble, 72 stamps, prison floor, watergate and the Great Wall brick kilns, raising horses, station troops are only along the Great Wall, on behalf of the Ming Great Wall is the essence of the history and culture. Along the Great Wall has clear dongling, JingZhongShan, JiuFengShan, essence, panjiakou, DaHeiTing, castle peak, lingshan, the Aries valley and a series of scenic spots. Qing dongling, built Yu Kangxi two years, is at present, the scale, the existing system of complete DiWangLing tombs, one of the listed as a world heritage site in November 20xx. Land buried five emperors, 15 queen, 137 concubines, 4 princess. Clear dongling, grand, magnificent, elegant and big buildings in Chinas largest stone memorial arch, the longest god road. Located in the territory of qianxi map JingZhongShan, with its extensive and profound, has a long history of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism humanities and natural landscape, has been the qing emperor kangxi imperial topic "lingshan thorn", "the world famous mountains".

Tangshan has mountains, sea, forest, a variety of unique natural landscape, there are national level cultural relics protection units 2, 40 provincial key cultural relics protection units. Tangshan has 196.5 kilometers long coastline, beautiful coastal scenery, especially the bodhi island, on tuo island, playing net post three offshore islands, is in the process of development and construction of natural ecology sightseeing and leisure as the main content of the new tourist area, become a bit more beautiful characteristics in north China tourism.

优秀导游实习报告

实习地点：杭州各个景点

实习目的:通过团体旅游，现场讲解等实习方式，了解更多导游知识，提高自身导游能力。

我们学的是导游专业，进入大学一年以来，只是学习课堂知识，这个学期末，老师为了让我们知道更多导游带团知识，组织同学全体杭州景点旅游，并让我们自己编写导游词，互相讲解，取长补短。

24号早上七点，我们全体集中出发，唱着小曲，导游讲解，热情洋溢的向目的地——杭州出发了。

首先我们来到的是花港观鱼，花港观鱼地处速递南段西侧，前接柳丝葱茏的苏堤，北靠层峦叠翠的高山，碧波粼粼的小南湖和西里湖像两面镶着翡翠框架的镜子镶嵌左右。花港观鱼的艺术布局充分利用了原有的自然地形条件，景区划分明确，各具鲜明的主题和特点。老师让我们分队游览，既可以互相照顾，又可以玩的尽兴。大草坪上雪松挺拔，红鱼池里游弋着各种美丽的鱼，周围栏杆旁游客的投饵，使那些鱼儿兴奋异常，纷纷跃跃欲试。我们看到那些有趣的鱼，心情都变得明朗起来，大家闹着要拍照，结果那些鱼儿一下子哗啦的就散开了，大家又笑又恼。

老师说既然来到杭州，就不得不去三潭印月。然后我们全体坐船来到三潭印月，三潭印月是西湖中最大的岛屿，风景秀丽、景色清幽，尤三潭印明月的景观享誉中外。据说此处中秋之夜可见到33个月亮。小瀛洲与湖心亭，阮公墩合称为湖上三岛，而三潭印月是西湖三岛中最大的一个岛，面积七公顷。四周围是环形堤埂，岛中有湖，水面划为“田”字形，建有一座九转三回、三十个弯的九曲桥。岛上建筑精致，天台楼阁，尽显西湖的妩媚。坐在船上看四周的湖水，感觉心如平静，同学的喧闹声突然安静下来。

俗话说到杭州一看西湖，二看灵隐，灵隐位于西湖西部的飞来峰旁，离西湖不远，可谓不可不去。相传始东晋时印度僧人慧理来到杭州，看到这里山峰奇秀，以为是“仙林所隐”,就在这里建寺，取名灵隐。

The word "hutong" (胡同) means "water well"(水井) in Mongolian. The Mongolians keep thenomadic tradition of settling down around springs or wells. A hutong is the passage formed by lines of siheyuan (四合院, four-side enclosed courtyards). Strictly, hutong alleys are less than nine meters wide. Most hutongs in Beijing run in an east-west or north-south direction, with most houses facing south to take in as much sunshine as possible.

A standard siheyuan usually consists of houses on its four sides with a yard in the center. The gates are usually painted red and have large copper door rings. Usually, a whole family lives in compound. The elder generation lives in the main house standing at the north end, the younger generations live in the side houses, and the south house is usually the family sitting room or study.

Hutong joins hutong, and siheyuan meets siheyuan to form a block. Blocks join with blocks to form the whole residential constructions.

女士们，先生们!欢迎来到历史悠久的敦煌莫高窟。我是你们的导游。大家就叫我老周吧。四大石窟有：龙门石窟，云冈石窟，麦积山石窟，和敦煌莫高窟。其中最大的，可就是敦煌莫高窟了。接下来，就跟着我一起去敦煌莫高窟看看吧!

首先我要向大家介绍：莫高窟的千佛洞。他被誉为20世纪最有价值的文化发现，“东方卢浮宫”坐落在走廊西端的敦煌，以精美的壁画和塑像闻名于世。现有洞窟735个，壁画405平方米，泥质彩塑2415尊，是世界上现存规模最大，内容最丰富的佛教圣地。

各种各样的石窟大小不一。千佛洞的岩壁上雕刻着成千上万的小佛像，每个小佛像虽然只有一寸多高，但头和身子都雕刻得栩栩如生，活灵活现。好了，到下一个景点。

你们看，这个东西是一个九层的遮掩，也叫“北大像”，高36米，是世界第三大佛哦!

莫高窟是一个百宝箱。

好了，游览到此结束。欢迎下次再来!

编号：no：

日期：date：

签约地点：signedat：

卖方：sellers：

地址：address：邮政编码：postalcode：

电话：tel：传真：fax：

买方：buyers：

地址：address：邮政编码：postalcode：

电话：tel：传真：fax：

买卖双方同意按下列条款由卖方出售，买方购进下列货物：

1货号articleno.

2品名及规格description&specification

3数量quantity

4单价unitprice

5总值：

数量及总值均有_____%的增减,由卖方决定。

6生产国和制造厂家countryoforiginandmanufacturer

7包装：packing：

8唛头：shippingmarks：

9装运期限：timeofshipment：

10装运口岸：portofloading：

11目的口岸：portofdestination：

12保险：由卖方按发票全额110%投保至_____为止的_____险。

13付款条件：

买方须于_____年_____月_____日将保兑的，不可撤销的，可转让可分割的即期信用证开到卖方。信用证议付有效期延至上列装运期后15天在中国到期，该信用证中必须注明允许分运及转运。

14单据：documents：

15装运条件：termsofshipment：

16品质与数量、重量的异义与索赔：quality/quantitydiscrepancyandclaim：17人力不可抗拒因素：

由于水灾、火灾、地震、干旱、战争或协议一方无法预见、控制、避免和克服的其他事件导致不能或暂时不能全部或部分履行本协议，该方不负责任。但是，受不可抗力事件影响的一方须尽快将发生的事件通知另一方，并在不可抗力事件发生15天内将有关机构出具的不可抗力事件的证明寄交对方。

大家早晨好，首先，我代表司机，代表x旅行社欢迎大家来到美丽的海滨城市--大连，我是x旅行社的导游员，我叫王乾，乾是乾隆的乾不是金钱的钱，为了方便记忆，大家可以叫我小王。前方的是司机x师傅，x师傅有多年的驾驶经验，驾驶技术高超，所以大家在行车过程中可以完全放心。开车的朋友可能听过这样一句话：到了吉林是吉(急)开，到了蒙古是蒙(猛)开，到了上海是沪(胡)开，那到了大连就是黑白两道都能开。这是因为大连是个：春有百花秋有月，夏有凉风冬有雪。四季分明的城市，在夏天我们的马路是黑色的，到了冬天我们的马路是白色的，所以我们的师傅是黑白两道混得都熟的，大家尽可以放心。接下来这几天就由我和x师傅为大家服务。中国有句俗话说的好：百年修得同船度。今天我们就是：百年修得同车行。我们大家由不同的地方走到同一个目的地，乘坐在同一辆车里，大家由不相识到相见相知，这真是一种很奇妙而又美好的缘分，那么就让我们将这个美好的缘分进行到底。那小王先在这里预祝大家大连之行愉快，希望我们大连的好山、好水、好导游、好司机给大家带来一份好的心情，使大家带着对大连的期待和憧憬而来带着对大连的满意和流连而归。最后祝大家在大连吃的舒心，玩的开心，住的爽心。欢送词那到这里大家的大连之行就要结束了。相信大连广场之多，绿地面积之大，干净的城市面貌和欧式的城市建设给您留下深深的印象，特别是大连的海鲜一定还在您的唇齿间留香。小王也在这里感谢大家一路上对我工作的支持和理解。特别是大家对我像朋友一样，大家的热情和友好让我深受感染，我会把大家的这种心态带给更多的人。也希望我们之间的友情像大连的棒槌岛啤酒一样渊源流长。这种友情不因时间和空间的距离而减少，只会越来越醇香和绵长。在离别之际小王送大家一句话：我们常说因为生活我们不能失去工作，我们努力地工作是为了生活，那反过来我们也不能因为工作失去生活，在您忙碌的工作之余别忘了给自己留一份空间，出来旅行一下。大家也别忘了，古老的中国有一个美丽的大连，美丽的大连有一个你信任的旅行社，有机会再到大连来，小王和我所在的x旅行社将为您提供用更好的服务。最后祝大家归途一切顺利一路平安!希望今晚大家带着小王的祝福睡个好觉、做个好梦!

Jingdezhen ceramics is famous all over the world, and it is the place ofofficial kilns in history.

During the period of the Republic of China, it was once known as the fourfamous towns in China together with Foshan in Guangdong, Hankou in Hubei andZhuxian in Henan.

The following is the Jingdezhen ancient kiln tour guide, welcome toreference! Jingdezhen ancient kiln tour guide 1 welcome to here! I am yourguide, my name is x, you can call me small X.

In order to facilitate your visit, let me first introduce you.

The first stop to Jingdezhen is to see the ancient kiln.

The ancient kiln is the first ancient kiln in Jingdezhen. Its interior isvery large and complex.

Pottery can be made in ancient kilns.

The old disc is rotated, on which you can make bottles by hand, and then itis ready after 3 days of firing at 1600 degrees.

You can also draw all kinds of pictures on the pottery, and you can drawany pattern you like.

In order to attract tourists, bands are also arranged here to playporcelain musical instruments, including flute, bell, Qin, erhu, etc. the soundis crisp and pleasant, which is very beautiful.

Inside the exhibition is also worth seeing, although it is a replica, butit still makes people feel good-looking, the coolest is the 108 Water Margincharacters porcelain, just like the real one.

At the pottery bar, I touched the clay with my hand. It was cold andcomfortable.

I made one myself with the help of my master.

Its good to see my work.

Dear tourists, welcome to Jingdezhen ancient kiln factory. Im your guide __.

Now I will use my time on the road to tell you something aboutceramics.

As the saying goes: people take food as their heaven, and food needsutensils. It can be seen that ceramics are closely related to humancivilization.

We humans invented pottery as early as 5000 or 6000 years ago, andporcelain was developed on the basis of pottery.

Porcelain is more delicate than pottery.

Smooth.

Hard.

The firing temperature is also higher. Another point is that porcelain ismade from porcelain ore, while pottery is made from clay.

Another explanation of China is that porcelain is as famous as Chinaabroad.

And the most representative porcelain is in Jingdezhen, which is known asthe capital of porcelain. Even Jingdezhen is the origin of porcelain.

In ancient times, because Jingdezhen was located in the south of ChangjiangRiver, it was called Changnan town. Later, it was called Xinping town andFuliang town.

It was not until the Northern Song Dynasty that Zhao Heng, Emperor Zhenzongof the Song Dynasty, decided that Zhongying celadon was imperial porcelainbecause he saw the place of origin of the celadon. Every batch of porcelain madeby the craftsmen was marked with "Jingde year system", so the imperial courtcalled the place of origin of this kind of porcelain "Jingdezhen".

The porcelain that Jingdezhen people are proud of is "blue and whiteporcelain, exquisite porcelain, pastel porcelain, colored glaze and thin bodyporcelain.

They are as white as jade, as bright as a mirror, as loud as a chime, andas thin as paper.

Well, now we have come to fulonggang in the West urban area. This ancientbuilding, which is covered by trees, is the ancient kiln porcelain factory weare going to visit today. As far as I know, there is only one such porcelainfactory in the world.

Who knows why it is called "ancient kiln porcelain factory"? Because thisfactory uses the method of Jingdezhen Ming and Qing Dynasties to make porcelain.The porcelain making process, tools, workshops and kilns are ancient, and theproducts are mostly antique, so it is called.

Next, please follow me in.

Entering this blank room, you can see that the ancient porcelain makingworkshop is composed of four parts: the main room, the chamber, the mud room andthe inner courtyard. The main room and the chamber match in North and south, andthey are parallel. The mud room is located in the west, and the middle is arectangular inner courtyard.

Among them, the main body of the green house is the main room, facingsouth, with sufficient lighting. All the workshops for the production ofporcelain are completed here. The windlass is the main equipment for theproduction of porcelain, and the warehouse is the place for storing rawmaterials.

The mud room is filled with refined mud, and the inner courtyard is anatural dry place for porcelain. In the middle of the inner courtyard, there isa sun rack pond, which is the most important equipment in the ancient workshop,and it is very ingenious. Who knows its beauty? Its beauty is that the pool andsun pool make use of the space and reduce the land occupation.

Come and see this master. He is putting a ball of mud on the head of thepulley. His hands are touching each other. With the rotation of the wheel, therudiment of a bowl appears. This is "making billet, commonly known as drawingbillet".

Lets see here again. The master is concentrating on spinning, drawing thefirst batch to a certain extent, and then using a knife on the pulley car to cutit into the required batch, commonly known as "spinning" or "sharpening". Ofcourse, the technological process of the ancient kiln porcelain factory alsoincludes painting porcelain, glazing and entering the kiln. Look at thesemasters painting porcelain here. Lets see how long it takes to draw a bowl.Yes, it takes only 10 seconds, The bowl is full of colorful camellia.

Lets go this way. Lets take a look at the kiln house that turns theporcelain body into porcelain. Firing porcelain in the kiln house depends on thepractice of workers, strict labor combination and fine division of labor.

There is a technical director in the kiln, who is called "masterBozhuang".

When it comes to Ba, Master Zhuang cant talk about Tong Bin.

He was a famous master of bazhuang in Wanli period. He was highly skilled,upright and respected by kiln workers.

At that time, he was ordered to make the extra large blue and white dragonVAT. Tong Bin and the porcelain workers tried every means to make it, but itfailed many times. Seeing that the delivery date was approaching, it was hard todisobey the emperors orders. For the sake of the life of the porcelain workers,he jumped into a raging fire at the critical moment of the firing processagain.

Its strange to say that he really succeeded this time. People say that itwas because Tong Bin showed his spirit. Later, people named him "fenghuoxian".Its about the story of Master Zhuang - Tong Bin jumping in the kiln.

Master Ba Zhuang is the chief person in charge of the wood kiln firingprocess. He is responsible for all kinds of technical problems in the firingprocess. When the porcelain is ready to be cooked but not yet ripe, the time tostop firing is the most critical. If the firing time is too long, the porcelainwill burn yellow or even fall into the kiln. If the firing time is too short,the porcelain will not be cooked again. At this time, master Ba Zhuangs eyesare completely relied on.

Ladies and gentlemen, thats the end of todays tour. I hope I can guideyou later.

thank you!!

In order to facilitate your visit, let me first introduce you.

Jingdezhen is a famous porcelain capital at home and abroad. Together withFoshan, Hankou and Zhuxian, it is also known as the four famous towns in China.It is one of the 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China and a class aopen city announced by the State Council.

It has jurisdiction over one city, one county and two districts, namelyLeping City, Fuliang County, Zhushan district and Changjiang District, coveringan area of 5256 square kilometers.

Jingdezhen is an important part of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone,and also an important national landscape ecological historical and culturalcity.

Jingdezhen has a high level of economic development, and has acceleratedits rise since 20__. It is estimated that by 20__, the per capita GDP willexceed US $10000, basically realizing modernization.

Jingdezhen has a long history of porcelain making, fine quality ofporcelain products and great influence on foreign countries. "Porcelain capital"has become the pronoun of Jingdezhen.

By 20__, Jingdezhen has won the title of Chinas excellent tourist city,National Ecological Garden City, national civilized and healthy city, andadvanced city of Jiangxi Province in building a civilized city. It not only madea zero breakthrough in such records in Jiangxi Province, but also became thefourth consecutive champion in such assessment in Jiangxi Province.

On September 26, 1985, the Eighth Peoples Congress of Jingdezhen city ofthe peoples Republic of China approved the selection of camphor tree asJingdezhen city tree and Camellia as Jingdezhen city flower.

The ancient kiln porcelain factory is the production area of ancientceramics, which vividly represents the whole process of Jingdezhen ancientceramic production technology.

Here are six ancient buildings, which are precious examples of ancientindustrial buildings in China.

Each group of embryo square is like a closed Sanhe courtyard or quadrangle,which is composed of three or four buildings open to the courtyard.

In the embryo room, the workers use the traditional hand-made porcelaintechnology to make the visitors marvel.

There is also a simple and tall Town kiln in the factory.

The kiln uses pine wood as fuel.

The kiln is 18 meters long. It is in the shape of goose egg, big in thefront and small in the back. A thin-walled chimney about 21 meters high is builtat the tail.

This is the result of the ancient architectural craftsmans skillful use ofthe center of gravity and curved shape of curved wood to erect and erect beams.It can be said that it has unique ingenuity and is also a great spectacle in thehistory of Chinese architecture.

扬州大明寺位于江苏省扬州市蜀冈中峰，唐天宝元年(742年)，名僧鉴真东渡日本前，即在此传经授戒，该寺因以名闻天下。 大明寺及其附属建筑，因其集佛教庙宇、文物古迹和园林风光于一体而历代享有盛名，是一处历史文化内涵十分丰富的民族文化宝藏。 千年古刹，历经劫难，终获新生。隋朝仁寿元年(620xx年)，皇帝杨坚为庆贺其生日，下诏于全国建塔30座，以供养佛骨，该寺建“栖灵塔”，塔高九层，宏伟壮观，被誉为“中国之尤峻特者”，故寺又称“栖灵寺”。

唐朝鉴真法师任大明寺住持，使大明寺成为中日佛教文物关系史上的重要古刹。唐会昌三年(843年)，九层栖灵塔遭大火焚毁。后经僧人募化重建，但屡有圮废。 北宋庆历年间，欧阳修任扬州太守时建平山堂。明万历年间，扬州知府吴秀重建大明寺，崇祯十二年漕御史杨仁愿再次重修。清康乾盛世，大明寺扩建为扬州八大名刹之首。清乾隆三十年(1765年)，乾隆巡游扬州，改题“法净寺”。然而咸丰三年(1853年)，寺庙又毁于太平军兵燹。此后，大明寺几经修建，规模渐大。现 寺为清同治年间两准盐运使方浚颐建。

1949年后以后，人民政府认真贯彻落实宗教信仰自由政策，多次整修扩建这一南朝古刹。1958年，大明寺被列为江苏省保护单位。 “文化大革命”时期，“红卫兵”以“破四旧”为名，要砸烂寺庙内佛像。周恩来紧急电谕，命令坚决保护大明寺古迹。地方政府及时封闭了寺庙，使古刹幸免于难。1979年，寺庙全面维修，佛像贴金，大明寺焕然一新。1980年，为迎接鉴真大师回国巡展，复名“大明寺”。

Ha! Hi, Im happy "tour" of the tour guide. Today, I take you to xi an east 30 kilometers. In February 1974, the local farmers in the east of emperor qinshihuang 1.5 zone at the foot of the mount li qin Terra Cotta Warriors.

In that year, the emperor after he began to reign, and he began to build cemetery, hosted by prime minister lisi planning and design, general ZhangHan supervisors, build time for 38 years, engineering of vast, magnificent verve, the successive feudal rulers luxury lights of precedent. At that time, the qing dynasty a total population of about 20 million, and built ling labor was more than 720xx0. Xiu ling home soil, from 20xx meters south of this cemetery three between liu village to the county quarry department, there are 5 ~ 25 meters high multistage loess cliff. Fix cemetery used a large amount of stone from nutrient-laden hebei usagi nakayama, asan, depends on human to lintong, engineering is very difficult. Predictably large quantities, usagi nakayama, the corpse and under strict asan side shows the cruelty of the whole project. It is also known as one of "the eight wonders of the world"!

Qin Terra Cotta Warriors is divided into three pits, with a total area of 000 square meters. The Terra Cotta Warriors are robust, forms and more thoughtful! Figures are divided into general figurines, the side horse figurines, kneeling position figurines, figurines of cavalry, terracotta warriors... Among them, the no. 1 pit is the largest, 230 meters long, north and south 62 meters wide, about five meters deep. About 500, the warriors six chariots, driving, horse 24, and bronze sword, wugou, spears and arrows, crossbows, machine, copper halberd combat with weapons of bronze and iron, etc. They all facial expression, , and action each are not identical: some thoughtfully, as if considering how to cooperate, defeat the enemy; Have a deep breath, as if in thought, as the people of qin, must help the emperor beat all places; Some look in the distance, seemed to be missing loved ones far away... Said so much warrior figures, the said the horse figurines: TaoMa ears erect, some mouths scream, some still shut up. All these of the qinshihuang terracotta warriors and touching artistic charm. If you hold your breath gaze of looking at it, you will find it muscle fullness, realistic than a real horse!

带着遗憾和不甘，20__姗姗而去，揣着梦想和希望，20__侃侃而来。时间飞逝，我在政务中心已有两年时光。在这两年的学习、工作中，有苦有累，我始终保持积极向上的精神，收获也是多多，个人综合素质有所提高。20某某在领导及同事们的指导帮助下，我圆满完成了各项工作任务。现将这一年多来的思想、工作、学习情况作简要总结汇报。

一、思想上严格要求自己，严格遵守工作纪律，管好自己的言行

认真学习和贯彻党和国家制定的各项路线、方针、政策，保持政治上的清醒和坚定。牢固树立共产主义的远大理想和社会主义的坚定信念，牢记全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，把全心全意为人民服务作为开展工作出发点和落脚点。通过努力学习不断提高自己的理论水平，用正确的理论来指导自己的工作实践，在工作中，严格遵守工作纪律，没有接受过行政相对人的请吃、玩、和礼物。公正公平，礼貌待人，在给行政相对人做解释工作时，时刻牢记使用文明用语，不该说的话不说，易激化矛盾的话不说。热爱本职工作，积极思考工作中可能出现的问题，积极探索解决问题的方法。

二、以踏实的工作作风，努力完成好各项工作

年中，某某市启动机构改革，窗口增加了新业务，也增加了新战友，我虚心向身边的同事请教，通过多看、多听、多想、多问、多做，努力使自己在尽短的时间内熟悉新法规新业务。经过领导和同事们的耐心指导，我边学习边熟悉，现已基本能够独立完成各项受理咨询业务。今年共完成各类办件件，接待各类咨询人次。

三、自觉加强业务理论学习，提高个人素质

在这两年多的时间里，我主动积极地进行专业理论知识学习，在工作中针对自己的本职工作，系统地进行各种法律、法规知识的学习。通过一段时间来的工作实践，我深深地认识到学习的重要性;遇到疑难问题多请示、虚心向同事请教、学习，不懂就问;通过学习可以让自己尽早、尽快的熟悉工作情况，少走弯路，少犯错误;对提高自己的工作能力也有很大的促进作用，使自己在工作中不掉队、不落伍。

总之，在这一年多的工作中，受益于领导和同志们的培养、关心，取得了一点进步，同时也发现自己诸多不足，在新的一年里，要和大家一起共同努力共同进步，把工作推向新高度，开创工作新局面。

英文的导游词

当有外国友人到来时，大家是否能够用流利的英文为对方介绍中国的各地经典呢?以下是小编收集的两篇关于中国景点的英文导游词，欢迎大家阅读。

篇一：中国天安门

Tian’anmen Rostrum

tian’anmen( the gate of heavenly peace), is located in the center of beijing. it was first built in 1417 and named chengtianmen( the gate of heavenly succession). at the end of the ming dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war. when it was rebuilt under the qing in 1651, it was renamed tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the imperial city, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers. the southern sections of the imperial city wall still stand on both sides of the gate. the tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. according to the book of changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.during the ming and qing dynasties, tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place. the most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:

1) the minister of rites would receive the edict in taihedian( hall of supreme harmony), where the emperor was holding his court. the minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via taihemen( gate of supreme harmony)

2) the minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragon pavilion). beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via wumen( meridian gate), to tian’anmen gate tower.

3) a courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. the civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.

4) the courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. the document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the ministry of rites.

5) the edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.

such a process was historically recorded as “ imperial edict issued by golden phoenix”.during the ming and qing dynasties tian’anmen was the most important passage. it was this gate that the emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.

篇二：丽江壁画

Ten kilometers (six miles) northwest of Lijiang Old Town, there are several ancient villages, including Baisha, Dayan, Shuhe, Yangxi and Xuesong. There, the invaluable Lijiang Mural is stored, preserved and displayed in 15 venerable temples, such as Juexian, Wande, Guiyi temples and Sanbi Garden. Altogether, the mural used to include more than 200 pieces of fresco. However, hundreds of years of historical vicissitudes have left only 55 pieces in good condition. The most famous frescos are known as Baisha Mural of the Dabaoji (Great Treasure) Palace and the Colored Glaze Temple (Liuli Dian) in the town of Baisha.

Most of the temples were built from the early days of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) to the early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), and the Lijiang Mural was created at the same time, over the course of about 300 hundred years. In Lijiang, it was an era of rapid economic development, mutual acculturation of multinational culture, and the growth of religions. Accordingly, Lijiang Mural was an artistic representation of this cooperation, communication and progress. The authors of these mural paintings had come from different nations, including the local Naxi Dongba painters; the Taoist painter Zhang from the Central Plain; an Lama artist Guchang; Han painters Ma Xiaoxian and Li Zeng; and many other artists who were unknown to the public

The originality and figures of the mural paintings reflect the different religious cultures and artistic forms of Buddhism, Lamaism, Daoism and the Naxi Dongba religion, as developed in a Naxi school. Therefore, Lijiang Mural is quite different from other frescos. Each painting includes at least one hundred portraits, but perspective is used very well, and the close, middle and establishing images are clear. The various lifelike portraits are not only Buddhas but also ordinary people such as bureaucrats, criminals, tourists and executioners. Many of the scenes and subject matters are drawn from daily life-people are shown fishing, riding horses, weaving, dancing and casting iron. The painters used different methods of portrayal within the different elements of the fresco, such as flesh, garments, jewelry, weapons and many other components. The style of these true-life frescos is rural and unconstrained; the colors are strong and have intense contrast but are also unified. The Lijiang Mural fully demonstrates the superb artistic skills, outstanding creativity and rich imaginations of these excellent craftsmen. The vivid and exact figures, flowing lines, well-defined colors and powerful effects of the exquisite details make the Lijiang Mural not only the rare treasure of art, but also forceful proof of national solidarity and an important source of information for research on national religions, arts and history.